| Motion sickness (motion sickness, MS) refers to the discomfortable feel of person orexperimental animals caused by abnormal movement or visual stimulation， includingdizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, pallor, etc. Previous studies showed that the mainmechanism was the disagreement exist between the empirical information in CNS and theuploading signal from the vestibular, eyes and ears which caused by abnormal movement,light and low frequency noise. The theory is called sensory conflict theory. Motion sicknesscan cause human or animal significant changes in some aspects such as behavior,neurotransmitters and hormones of blood levels. The incidence of the disease is high, about90%people have had the experience, there is about10%-30%people suffered from severemotion sickness. The incidence is higher in the aviation and aerospace training. Mild motionsickness is only influence the working and living in the general population, but it willbe life-threatening for severe patients, pilots, astronauts and soldiers, and it will incur amassive loss. Therefore, many countries have invested a lot of manpower and materialresources to study the mechanisms and the methods of prevention motion sickness. Themainly prevention methods for astronauts, pilots and soldiers is different forms ofacclimatization of exercise training, however, most people are primarily depend on the drug.Currently, the clinical application of anti-motion sickness drugs were anticholinergic-typedrugs, anti-histamine-type drugs, sympathomimetic type drugs, scopolamine and itsderivatives, in which scopolamine and its derivatives have a relatively great effect andfrequently been used. However, these drugs have a certain degree of side effects, includingsomnolence, blurred vision, decreased attention. Thus developing the drugs of safe, non-toxicside effects to resist motion sickness is the urgent problem to be solved.Our previous studies showed that crude fungal polysaccharides from chroogomphisrutilus have significant anti-motion sickness effect, and the optimal dose for the prevention ofmotion sickness in rats is200mg/kg. But it needs to do compartive research study with thedrugs of the best anti-motion sickness before it is made into the ideal anti-motion sicknessdrug, and examine whether its effects of anti-motion sicknees are better than the best Ourprevious studies showed that crude fungal polysaccharides from chroogomphis rutilus havesignificant anti-motion sickness effect, and the optimal dose for the prevention of motion sickness in rats is200mg/kg. But it need to do compartive research study with the drugs ofthe best anti-motion sickness before it is made into the ideal anti-motion sickness drug, andexamine whether its effects of anti-motion sicknees are better than the best medicine usedtoday. In addition, there are many different kinds of fungi polysaccharide in the world, it’s aworthy exploration that whether crude polysaccharides extracted from porcini has the similareffect of anti-motion sickness with the crude polysaccharides from chroogomphis rutilus.Adult male SD rats were used in the present study, the motion sickness animal model wascopied by rotation stimulation device according to the report of Crampton. Behavior andbiochemical methods were used to examine the effect of porcini polysaccharides onanti-motion sickness compared with chroogomphis rutilus polysaccharides and scopolamine.The rats were randomly divided into control group, the experimental control group, crudefungal polysaccharides from chroogomphis rutilus group, crude fungal polysaccharides fromporcini group and scopolamine group. Half an hour before rotating stimulation, the rats ofcontrol group and the experimental control group were given10mg/kg isotonic saline by oralgavage method, the rats of chroogomphis rutilus polysaccharides group and porcinipolysaccharides group were given200mg/kg chroogomphis rutilus polysaccharides andporcini polysaccharides respectively, the rats of scopolamine group were given1mg/kgscopolamine solution according to the literature. The detection method, such as saccharinconditioned taste aversion, open field test and motion sickness index, were used to detect thebehavior changes in different groups, ELISA was used to detect the lever of5-serotonin,acetylcholine, adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol in serum in order to compare theeffect of anti-motion sickness among the three substances. The experimental results were asfollows:1. In behavior, after rotating stimulation, rats of the experimental control group exhibit aseries of serious symptoms of motion sickness, including little spontaneous activity, tremors,piloerection, modified activities, comparing with the control group. It suggested that animalmodels of motion sickness were copied successfully.2. After2days of rotating stimulation, the average consumption volume of saccharinwater in the group of chroogomphis rutilus polysaccharides restored to the level of before rotation stimulus, there was no significant difference（P>0.05）compared with the controlgroup, but it is significantly much higher than the experimental control group（P<0.05）. It hadno significant difference among the experimental control group, scopolamine group and theporcini polysaccharides group(P>0.05). It suggested that chroogomphis rutiluspolysaccharides had a better effect on relieving gastrointestinal discomfort of motion sicknessin rats than scopolamine and porcini polysaccharides.3. In the open field test, the average accumulate points from high to low in each groupwas control group>scopolamine group>chroogomphis rutilus polysaccharides group>porcinipolysaccharides group>experimental control group. Both the experimental control group andporcini polysaccharides group were significantly less than the control group (P<0.01),chroogomphis rutilus polysaccharides group and scopolamine group were significantly lowerthan the control group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference among experimentalcontrol group, chroogomphis rutilus polysaccharides group, porcini polysaccharides groupand scopolamine group (P>0.05). The lower score means the higher degree of motionsickness in animals. Therefore, the severity degree of motion sickness from high to low isexperimental control group>porcini polysaccharides group>scopolamine group>chroogomphis rutilus polysaccharides group.4. The results of time spent on preening and number of preening bouts were as follows. Itshowed there was no significant difference between the control group and chroogomphisrutilus polysaccharides group, and porcini polysaccharides group, and scopolamine group.The time spent on preening and number of preening bouts in chroogomphis rutiluspolysaccharides group were significantly less than the experimental control group(P<0.05);while porcini polysaccharides group and scopolamine group had no significant differencecompared with the experimental control group(P>0.05). The higher score means the higherseverity of motion sickness. Therefore, the results also showed that the highest degree ofmotion sickness from high to low is experimental control group>porcini polysaccharidesgroup>scopolamine group>chroogomphis rutilus polysaccharides group.5. The results of MS index showed that the scores in descending order in each group:porcini polysaccharides group>experimental control group>scopolamine group>control group>chroogomphis rutilus polysaccharides group. Scores of chroogomphis rutiluspolysaccharides group and scopolamine group were significantly lower than the score ofexperimental control group (P<0.05), but it showed no significant difference with the controlgroup(P>0.05). There was no significant difference between the experimental control groupand porcini polysaccharides group, but both were significantly higher than the control group(P<0.01). The higher MS index score indicates a higher severity of motion sickness. Theresults suggested that both the chroogomphis rutilus polysaccharides and scopolamine hadsignificant preventive effect for motion sickness in rats, while porcini polysaccharides had nosuch effect.6. ELISA results showed that the level of5-HT, acetylcholine, adrenocorticotropichormone and cortisol in serum in rat of chroogomphis rutilus polysaccharides group andscopolamine group were significantly lower than the experimental control group (P<0.01).But in porcini polysaccharides group only the level of5-HT and adrenocorticotropic hormonewere significantly lower than the experimental control group(P<0.01), there was nosignificant difference between the other two substances (P>0.05) compared with theexperimental control group. The higher levels of these four substances in the serum indicatesthe more suffering of the animal from motion sickness. The results showed that chroogomphisrutilus polysaccharides and scopolamine had a significant role in the anti-motion sickness, butonly part of role of the porcini polysaccharides group.The conclusions were as follows.1. The chroogomphis rutilus polysaccharides could significantly improve behavioralsymptoms of motion sickness in rats, it had a significantly better effect in the anti-motionsickness than scopolamine. The porcini polysaccharides could only rapidly increase theconsumption volume of saccharin water in the rats of motion sickness, while it had nosignificant effect on the other behavioral symptoms of anti-motion sickness.2. The chroogomphis rutilus polysaccharides and scopolamine could significantly reducethe level of5-HT, acetylcholine, adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol in serum in the ratsof motion sickness. But the porcini polysaccharides could effectively inhibit the increasing of5-HT, adrenocorticotropic hormone induced of MS rats. The results of this study showed that chroogomphis rutilus polysaccharides had bettereffect on anti-motion sickness than commonly used scopolamine in clinic, no inhibition effecton the central nervous system. The porcini polysaccharides has a similar effect withchroogomphis rutilus polysaccharides in the anti-oxidation, anti-tumor, raising the immunesystem, but it showed little anti-motion sickness effect. It indicated that chroogomphis rutiluspolysaccharides played unique effect in anti-motion sickness. The results of present study hasprovided a basis information that the chroogomphis rutilus polysaccharides could made thenew drugs that has no toxic side effects. |
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