| Translation is a complex human activity which involves not only the text, thetranslator and the readers but also certain social and cultural elements. Therefore,translation studies should not confine at the textual level but go beyond it and upgrade tothe cultural level. In recent years, scholars in the translation field began to pay theirattention to the extralinguistic factors’ influence on translation, and tried to analyze thetranslation from the perspective of sociology and cultural studies to account for somecertain translation behaviors.In Lefevere’s opinion, translation is not carried out in a vacuum but manipulated bysome extralinguistic factors. On the one hand, he regards the whole society as a largesystem, or "system of systems", and literature is one of subsystems in the society whichinterplays with other subsystems. He holds the view that the influence on translationmainly comes from three aspects, i.e. professionals within the literary system, patronageoutside the literary system and the dominant poetics. Professionals within the literarysystem are more concerned about poetics and patronage pays their attention to ideology.All in all, three manipulatory factors, i.e. patronage, ideology, and poetics come into forcein shaping translators’ strategy adopted. On the other hand, Lefevere argues that translationwas a kind of rewriting. The reasons why translators adopt rewriting are exactly thesemanipulatory factors.The studies on translation of The Tempest are a crucial part of Shakespearean plays.The Tempest is Shakespearean last complete play, which had not obtained enough attentionfor a long time. Compared with the large numbers of studies on the translation of Hamlet, the studies of the legendary play The Tempest seem to be few and far between. IgnoringThe Tempest absolutely is a great loss for Shakespearean studies.This dissertation tries to compare and analyze the three versions, i.e. Zhu Shenghao’s,Liang Shiqiu’s and Sun Dayu’s from the perspective of manipulation theory. Via theanalyses of rewriting in each version, including bawdy language, religious content,language style and style, the author will probe the influence of three manipulatory factorson the three translators.On the basis of detailed analyses on the rewritings in translation, the author of thisdissertation comes to the conclusions as follows: first, rewriting phenomena in the texts arenot just coincidences but a kind of manipulation. Patronage and ideology all play aninfluential role in translation. Diverse ideologies may lead to different translation strategiesto deal with the language material. In terms of bawdy language, religious content andlanguage style, Zhu and Sun chose the translation strategy of domestication. They rewrotemost of the content which was not easy for readers of target language to accept. As for therewritings of the above content, Zhu is largely manipulated by patronage, i.e. his press, andhis personal ideology. Sun is manipulated by social ideology then. Liang adoptedforeignization. He rewrote only a little content mentioned above. This is mainly because ofhis personal ideology and his patronage--Hu Shi. Second, Zhu and Liang rewrote theoriginal into prosaic style, while Sun translated into poetic style. The manipulation powercomes from two aspects, i.e. the dominate poetics and patronage. From1930s to1940s,there were many kinds of poetics in literature and prose seemed to be the dominant poetics.Zhu’s option is manipulated by then dominant poetics; Liang is largely affected by hispatron Hu; Sun’s choice is due to his personal poetics, but patron’s influence should also betaken into consideration. At last, patronage also comes into play before translation. For Zhu,Liang and Sun, without their patrons, they may not take the road of translating TheTempest. |
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