The Transformation And Remodeling Of The Scholars-identity From Ming To Ch’ing Dynasty

"Changing dynasties"and "revolution" in the Ming and Qing Dynasties have been the focus of discussion in academia. From ideas struggle and parties struggle in the late Ming Dynasty to the dynasty alternation from Ming to Qing, from the decision and getting rid of society of Ming Diehards to the settling down and getting on with their pursuit. All of these have attracted wide attention and strong interest of many scholars scholar since early Qing Dynasty. This thesis take Qian Qianyi’s and Ji Yun’s present situation and internal choice as research targets, who are two key person in the dynasty alternation from Ming to Qing. Taking the common research perspective as the entry point, this paper will compare the Qian Qianyi’s Column in the Poetry Biographies and Ji Yun’s Siku Quanshu Zongmu Tiyao to sketch the success of Qian QianYi’s changing the present intellectuals and JiYun’s remodeling of the identity of present intellectuals, both of which were acknowledged and that the changing and remodeling brought turning trend of the literature, academic and thoughts and the deconstruction and reconstruction of the modern and postmodern narrative discourse in the Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasty.This paper consists of five parts.The introduction part expounds the scholars’discussions on concepts of "the late Ming Dynasty","the end of Ming","Ming Season "(these three terms mean the late Ming Dynasty),"from Ming to Qing","the alteration from Ming to Qing ","the end of Ming and the beginning of Qing","From Ming to Ch’ing"(these terms mean the dynasty alternation from Ming to Qing) to define the period of the late Ming and early Qing means the two hundred years from Longqing and Wanli period in the Ming Dynasty(1567-1573) to Qianlong43year in the Qing Dynasty (1773). As a period with charm and literary achievements, the late Ming and early Qing, a historical period as well as a cultural trend, gradually showed the change of "end" and "beginning" in the alternation of dynasties and the transition of "end" and "beginning" in common practice of scholars and learning style, which is one of most flouring and prosperous historical periods in literature and ideas of the Ming and Qing Dynasty. After compiling the Siku Quanshu in middle time of Qianlong, common practice of scholars and learning style turned to the traditional style and textual research under the orthodox will and the thought between Ming dynasty and early Qing ended. The scholars in this paper mean all the scholars becoming the officials and not being the officials except the nowhere men including the monks. But the trend of "the self-identities of the scholars" has two levels of identities of self and others and pays more attention to the self-identity, Identity legitimacy and the struggle and choices of the heart.The first chapter tells the same biography of poets in the Siku Quanshu Zongmu Tiyao and Column in the Poetry Biographies (369) poets are in Column in the Poetry Biographies(82) of whom are in the Siku Quanshu Zongmu Tiyao. The Siku Quanshu Zongmu Tiyao and the Column in the Poetry Biographies are just two books of my research, many other scholars are also mentioned in my paper. I believe this can observe the self-identities of the scholars.Qian Qianyi and Ji Yun believe the self-identities of the scholars in late Ming and early Qing dynasties are different, which reflected in the The Siku Quanshu Zongmu Tiyao and Column in the Poetry Biographies. I make a comparison in the two books in the second chapter. Qian evaluates the scholars from three parts: the standpoint of literary review, the standpoint of making friends and self-exculpation, In his opinion, the articles of scholars have important connection with a country. And the scholars can obverse other people in their point. However, Ji Yun and other ministers in the library’s evaluation of the Ming and Qing Scholars uphold a "character decision article","article relating to Fortunes of country" concept, and in the scholarsidentity was had a recognition of "literature were harmful from person’s character " and "the person was benefit from literature", which measured the value of books in two diametrically opposed. Obviously, the imperial library officials and academic impartial conscious mentality common with the late Ming literati were stifled by strong political pressure, distortion, making academic choice subservient political utilitarianism, scholars agree paste on the political crossed label. Qian qianyi, Ji Yun are in the early Ming Dynasty scholar and poetry as a criterion for assessing the Ming Dynasty scholar in fortunes, the Fortunes of country for the change to look at the behavior of the late Ming scholar, a reference to previous comments focused on defining and master of gesture to treat pre-scholars, and by the interference of other factors which implicitly reveal mood.The third chapter discusses Qianyi’s change and Ji Yun’s remodeling about the identity of intellectuals. Qianyi and Ji Yun have used the same default identity and argumentation strategy such as each multiple criteria, academic foundation, but there are also some differences in their focus. The reason for this difference lies in the efforts of Qianyi’s power of change. Ji Yun and the other siku ministers efforts are focused on remodeling. Ji Yun has delete Qian Qianyi’s personal feelings of intense preferences and inherit and develop the requirements of Qian Qianyi’s regain the right of Imperial Academy and return to the identity concepts of erudite and informed and gentle and sincere as well as emphasize on the intellectuals’contact with the society and the country. The ministers in the library who master a new posture of Synthesizer re-examine the previous generation literature and writers and they remodeling the value of the identity of intellectuals with the background of Official and orthodox school with the demand Of conscious and political function of the academic requirements. Since then, the Tongcheng School and the Qianjia school has became the mainstream of academic and literature.The Epilogue analyses the ability of jiYun and the other siku ministers which has Inherit and abandon QianQianYi’s capability in change.it just means the will of the orthodox has control the identity of intellectuals in the early qing period again, it is almost impossible to appear the figures as Li Zhi and Huang Huang Zongxi among the traditional intellectuals. And there is a lack of enjoyment which will make intellectuals rethink the fate of the entire country from the point of culture and institution. Since the late Qing Dynasty until the Republic of China, we are able to reference the new culture of the Ming and Qing literature, ideas and scholars placed into modern context to interpret, explain, deconstruction and reconstruction of the Ming and Qing Scholars narrative discourse after we draw on the theories and methods of cognitive or Western scholars.