Study Of Three Passerine Birds Measured Mitochondrial Genome And Phylogeny Passerine Birds

Due to its extremely rich in species, large numbers of individuals, wide distribution, morphological diversity and behavioral complexity, Passeriformes have always been major arguments in ornithology. There are still many controversial and unresolved problems about its phylogenetic relationship.With simple molecular structure, fast evolutionary rate, maternal inheritance and easy to obtain, animal mitochondrial genomes have become the ideal material to study the origin, evolution and phylogenetic relationships in aves. The research about the phylogenetic relationship of passeriformes, by using a single gene or a few genes, often appears different or even conflicting results. Therefore, more and more studies use complete mitochondrial genome sequence to construct the phylogenetic relation-ship of passeriformes.The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Remiz consobrinus, Aegithalos caudatus glaucogularis and Aegithalos caudatus caudatus were determined using L-PCR, Sub-PCR and conserved primers walking approaches. The assemblyed sequences were annotated and analyzed. These data combined with the other43species of Passeriformes and2species in Anseriformes as outgroups downloaed from GenBank were used to reconstructed the phylogenetic relationship of passeriformes. The conclusions drawn from the study as follows:1. The complete mitochondrial genomes sequence of Remiz consobrinus, Aegitha-los caudatus glaucogularis and Aegithalos caudatus caudatus were16737bp,17937bp and17935bp in length, respectively. All of the three genomes encoded37genes including13PCGs,2rRNA genes and22tRNA genes, and all sequences exhibited no significant base bias. As most of aves, Remiz consobrinus had one control region located between tRNAGlu and tRNAPhe. Aegithalos caudatus glaucogularis and Aegithalos caudatus caudatus had two control regions, one located between tRNAGlu and tRNAphe, the other located between tRNAThr and tRNAPro.2. Aves mitochondrial genomes had different evolutionary rate in different region, control region was the fastest, the second was protein-coding genes and the tRNA and rRNA genes were relatively slow.3. The CTA、ATC、CTC、TTC and GCC were the most used codons, and the Leu, Thr, Ala, Ile and Ser were the most used amino acids. For start codons, except for NDS in Remiz consobrinus with ATT, and in Aegithalos caudatus glaucogularis and Aegithalos caudatus caudatus with ATA, the other protein genes in three aves were all with the typical start codons ATG, the COI gene in some Passeriformes with GTG. For termination codons, Except for COⅢ and ND4, which used incomplete termination codon T, the other genes used standard TAA, TAG, AGA or AGG as termination codons.The incomplete termination codons TA were found in some Passeriformes. Start codons and termination codons of all genes in Aegithalos caudatus glaucogularis and Aegithalos caudatus caudatus were exactly the same.4. The tRNAs all formed typical cloverleaf secondary structure, except for tRNA Ser-AGN, which lost the DHU arm in its structure. There were some unmatched base pairs in three species, the common G-U pairs were the main mismatches.5. The predicted secondary structures of SrRNA and LrRNA in three species were very similar. There were3domains,47helices structures in SrRNA and6domains,60helices structures in LrRNA.6. F-box, D-box, C-box, B-box, Bird similarity-box and CSB1-box were found in the control region of three species. Compared with Gallus gallus,18-21bp nucleotide insertions were found in CSB-1region of46passeriformes aves. Remiz consobrinus had20bp nucleotide insertions, Aegithalos caudatus glaucogularis and Aegithalos caudatus caudatus both had19bp nucleotide insertions.7. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence and protein-coding genes were grouped into two data sets (ALL and PCG), respectively. Phylogenetic relationships in Passeriformes were reconstructed with maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and Bayesian Inference methods. The results showed that the Menuridae and Meliphagidae positioned as sister group to the Oscine, and the Meliphagidae is more closely related with Oscine. The divergence bewteen Fringillids and Emberizids reached a familial level; the divergenee bewteen Muscicapids and Turdids didn’t reach a familial level and they should be subject to a family Muscicapidae; the Aegithalids, Parids and Remizids were suggested as a separate family, respectively; Our results showed distant relationship between Muscicapidae and Sylviids and close relationship between Remizidae and Paridae. Aegithalos bonvaloti and Aegithalos fuliginosus, Parus palustrus and Parus montanus, Parus monticolus and Parus major had close relationship. The monophyly of Corvida, Passerida, Sylvioidea, Muscicapoidea and Passeroidea were supported. Meanwhile, the Muscicapinae and Turdinae in Muscicapoidea, the Fringillidae and Emberizidae in Passeroidea, the Aegithalidae, Paridae and Remizidae in Sylvioidea were all monophyletic group.8. ALL data set was better than PCG data set in solving phylogenetic relationships of Passeriformes aves.