To Tit, Yellow-bellied Tit And Red-headed Long-tailed Tit Mitochondrial Genome Sequenced And Analyzed

The complete sequence of Pseudopodoces humilis, Parus venustulus and Aegithalos concinnus mitochondrial genomes were determined by using long PCR and conserved primers walking approaches. The three new complete mitochondrial genomes combined with others included in GenBank, as well as other two Passeriformes complete mitochondrial genomes were accomplished in our laboratory, were used to phylogenomic analysis for Passeriformes based on protein conding genes and investigated phylogenetic utility in every data sets.1. The complete mitochondrial genomes of Pseudopodoces humilis, Parus venustulus and Aegithalos concinnus are 16809 bp,16780 bp and 17926 bp in length, respectively, and encode 13 protein genes (COI--Ⅲ,Cytb,ATP8,ATP6,ND1—4 and ND4L),22 tRNA genes,2 rRNA genes, and 1-2 A+T rich regions。2. The A+T content of Pseudopodoces humilis, Parus venustulus and Aegithalos concinnus mitochondrial genome has not significently biased statistically. The highest A+T biase is found in Aegithalos concinnus which is only 54.1%, the lowest found in Parus venustulus which is only 52% too, the value of Pseudopodoces humilis is 52.9%.3. For start codons, except COI in Pseudopodoces humilis and Aegithalos concinnus with GTG, the other protein genes in three Aves are all with the typical start codons ATG; for stop codons, except the COⅢand ND4 genes had shorttened stop codons T, the other genes are all have the typical stop codons TAA, AGG, AGA or TAG.4. All the tRNA genes of Pseudopodoces humilis, Parus venustulus and Aegithalos concinnus mitochondrial genomes have the typical clover leaf structure except the tRNA Ser(AGN) gene, which is lack of the DHU arm in their secondary structure. There are some G-U mispair from the secondary structure in all three Aves.5. The secondary structures of complete rRNAs have been predicted for Pseudopodoces humilis, Parus venustulus and Aegithalos concinnus. Most parts of the secondary structure are conserved in the three aves species, the main differences took place in terminal regions.6. Through analyzing the aligned the 174 site of the ND3 gene in 17 Aves, we found the 13 species from Passeriformes involved in this paper all do not have the C base insert.7. Through analyzing the aligned A+T-rich regions, we determined the central conserved region, and found that the CSB-1 region in all 13 Passeriformes have 18-20 bp sequence insert compared with Gallus gallus.8. The protein coding genes were partitioned into three data sets and applied to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships of Passeriformes. The phylogenetic trees from different methods and data sets agreed that Passeriformes divide two groups Passeri and Tyranni, and Passeri include the Corvida and Passerida. The result also support Aegithalos as a section level separately, Menuridae belongs to Corvida, Sylvioidea is not a monophyletic group; Pseudopodoces humilis have not closely relationships with species of Corvidae.