The Changes Of Animal Husbandry And Livelihood For Herders In Qilian Mountain

The provisions of article13of "the grassland law of the People’s Republic of China", family ranch is one of the basic forms of contracted operation. Grassland in China are mainly distributed in western frontier minority areas, The contracted management of grassland family farm has more than30years, The stand or fall of contracted operation state, Not only directly affect the livelihood of herdsmen, but also directly related to the frontier areas of ecological security, economic growth, social development and political stability. According to the above-mentioned problem, in this paper, chose the Zhuaxixiulong countryside of Tianzhu County and Huangcheng countryside of Sunan County in Gansu Province as the survey area, Household of the100and60were selected as investigation research objects, Through the main research methods of questionnaire and interview as well as key interview and so on, systematic analysis of the two place after the implementation of the "household contract responsibility system", the change of livestock production and herders livelihood and so on in recent30years. The results showed as follow.1. since the implementation of "the household responsibility system", According to the population, livestock were contracted to households. Tianzhu County allocated livestock to the households in1982, the per capita has57sheep units and the ratio of yak, sheep, horse is8:9:2; The per capita has56sheep units and the ratio of yak, sheep is3:4in1991; The per capita has65sheep units and the ratio of yak, sheep is1:2in2000; The per capita has75sheep units and the ratio of yak, sheep is1:4in2006; The per capita has77sheep units and the ratio of yak, sheep is1:5in2012. Sunan County allocated livestock to the households in1983, the per capita has63sheep units and the ratio of yak, sheep, horse is5:30:2; The per capita has87sheep units and the ratio of yak, sheep is1:4in1998; The per capita has95sheep units and the ratio of yak, sheep is1:6in2000; The per capita has138sheep units, the ratio of yak, sheep is1:15and More than90%of the households fed sheep in2012.2. According to the population, pasture were contracted to households. Tianzhu contracted the tenure of use right for winter-spring pasture to individual herders in1982, with the average size of3.07hm2, summer, autumn pasture grazed together, contracted the tenure of use right for Artificial pasture to individual herders, with the average size of0.13hm2; The autumn pasture with less bushes was divided into winter and spring pasture in1998, with the average size of4.00hm2, contracted the tenure of use right for summer pasture to the whole genealogy and the average size is about4.67hm2, no individual autumn pasture, but herdsman can be divided autumn pasture according to their own pastures situation. Sunan contracted the tenure of use right for winter-spring pasture to individual herders in1983, with the average size of10.67hm2, contracted the tenure of use right for summer and autumn pasture to individual herders in2000, with the average size of17.33hm2,12hm2. Pasture area has been divided and never changed since2000, but because of the quantity of population changes in past30years, per capita grassland area has also changed, showed20years ago decreased and with stable and smooth trend in recent10years. Artificial grassland planted oats in past30years, but with the implementation of irrigation, variety improvement technology, forage yield increased year by year.3. Livestock management model also changed compared to30years ago in two place but has the same trend, Mainly realized as:livestock into the summer pasture advanced20days compared with30years ago, ewe mating time advanced one month compared with30years ago; Shearing, dipping, lamb castration and other production activities was implemented before entering the summer pastures, the consciousness of livestock breeding, crossbreeding improved gradually, making the pup survival rate increasing and adult livestock mortality declining year by year.4. The income of herders has increased annually in past30years, The per capita net income of herdsmen of Tianzhu (equivalent to2011monetary value) was621.94yuan/(person· years) in1983, the per capita net income was4,225yuan/(person· years) in2011; The per capita net income of herdsmen of Sunan(equivalent to2011monetary value) was847yuan/(person· years) in1983, the per capita net income was9950yuan/(person· years) in2011.5. For30years, the quality of life of herdsmen increased gradually, such as:the number of assets of herdsman family increasd, household appliances complete, housing facilities modernization; The attention to children’s education gradually increased, the herders of "accompany children studying at school" in the city became more and more popular; the diet of herders have became More and more diversified, nutrition is more comprehensive and concerned about their own health increased gradually, the situation of "the ailments does not cure" was no longer exists basically.6. With the pastoral traffic facilities improved gradually, the herders of work outside have increased gradually in Tianzhu and engaged other sidelines have increased gradually in Sunan, which lead to the herders who engaged in livestock production more and more aging, concentrated in the age between41and50in2012, with potential crisis for the future construction of new pastoral area.7. Contrast development of animal husbandry in two places found:Sunan grassland area per capita is greater than Tianzhu, The number of grazing livestock more than Tianzhu, mainly grazed Tibetan sheep, wool sheep, the separate operation and the joint household operations were bigger than Tianzhu; Contrast livelihood of herders in two places found:Tianzhu pastoralists depend on animal husbandry, Sunan herdsmen in addition to grazing livestock, also operates a variety of sidelines, the quality of life increased rapidly.