| Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have been widely in various commercial and industrial applications. They are commonly used as paper and packaging, textiles, metal planting, semiconductor, fire fighting foam, and some other important industrial regions due to their inertness and exceptional surface tension-lowering potential. In present, studies of fluorinated compounds are mainly focused on perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs). These PFCs have been detected in wildlife and human population worldwide. In recent years, a new class of perfluoroalkyl acid, namely perfluorinated phosphonic acids (PFPAs) has attracted the attention of researcher.Rainfall as a main form of wet precipatition is one of the most effective scavengers for clearing up particulates and contaminants from the atmosphere. The Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in the atmosphere can make an effect to the ground environment. The contaminants in the wet precipitation can have an adverse effect on the soil and accumulate in the crops; destroy the terrestrial eco-system. Meanwhile,the contaminants can cause the pollution of the groundwater and surface water, increasing the health risk of drinking water. Respiration as an important exposure pathway is related to the contaminant levels in the atmosphere. Chemical levels in the precipitation can be indexes of contaminant burden in the atmosphere and the research of chemical levels in the precipitation can provide evidence of the distribution and environmental behavior of contaminant,In this study, a trace analytical method based on UPLC-MS/MS was developed for simultaneous determination of PFPAs, PFOA, and PFOS in water samples. The rainwater in typical cities in China was collected and analyzed. PFOA, PFOS, and PFPAs were qualified and the branched isomers of PFCs were semiquatified. The results were compared with the concentration of other countries. This study tried to reveal the status and distribution character in the typical cities in China to provide proof to explain the source, and the assessment of exposure of PFOA and PFOS; in the meantime, the analytical results screened out the PFPAs pollution. The study aimed to establish simple model which described contribution of contamination in the rainfall to that in the surface water through the compare of concentrations of PFOA and PFOS in the rainfall and surface water. The study tried to explain the environmental behavior of Br-PFOS and L-PFOS based on the PFOS isomers experimental results, which compared the ratios of Br-PFOS/L-PFOA in industrial process and precipitation samples.The results showed that PFPAs, PFOS, and PFOA can be simultaneous analyzed based on the SPE coupled with the UPLC-MS/MS technique with a shorter time of 12min. The peaks of all targets were completed within 8min. The recoveries of all targets ranged from 56.20% to 110.4%. The detection rates of PFOA and PFOS in precipitation of typical cities in China was 100%, with a range from 6.231 to 38.72ng/L and 4.531 to 15.67ng/L, respectively. Compared with other counties, the concentration levels of PFOA and PFOS in China stayed in a relatively high level. The fluorochemical industrial parks around Shenyang city in the Northeast Area and Nanjing city in the Yangtze River Delta as a point source might contribute to the high concentration levels of PFOA and PFOS. The highest concentration level of PFOS located in Bei Jing. The PFPAs were detected in the precipitation in China for the first time. In present, the pollution of PFPAs was not abroad, and the sources were mainly point source. The model which described contribution of contamination in the rainfall to that in the surface water indicated that the contribution of upper reach is higher than that of the lower. The semiquantified analysis of PFOS isomers showed that Br-PFOS enriched in the precipitation, which might indicate the precursors of Br-PFOS had a faster transformation rate than the precursors of L-PFOS in the precipitation. |
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