| With the widely use of antibiotics in human health and livestock breeding, antibiotic residues have been frequently detected in different environments, such as surface water, sediment, soil, and even groundwater. The potential ecological hazards and toxic effects on human and animal health of antibiotics have aroused wide attention. Sewage treatment plants(STPs), hospitals and livestock farms are typical point emission sources of antibiotics, moreover in northern Xinjiang the population is concentrated and the ecological environment is fragile, thus investigating point-source pollution of antibiotics is of great significance. In this paper, sewage and sludge from STPs, wastewater from hospitals, and fecal from livestock farms were collected to investigate the occurrence and elimination of antibiotics in STPs with different treatment technologies and units, the concentrations and elimination of antibiotics in hospital wastewater treatment systems, and the residue levels of antibiotics in different types livestock fecal. The purpose is to understand some emission of pollution sources of antibiotics and provide important basis for the corresponding pollution prevention measures.Methods for determination of five quinolones, five sulfonamides, and four tetracyclines in wastewater,sludge and fecal were developed by Oasis HLB solid phase extraction(SPE), ultrasonic extraction(USE)and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS). The methods were simple, rapid and accurate which could meet the requirements for monitoring on antibiotics residues.In this study, two of the three selected STPs are distributed in two different areas in Urumqi and the remaining STP is located in Shihezi. Results showed that the mean concentrations of detected antibiotics ranged from tens ng·L-1 to hundreds ng·L-1 in influent samples and the mean elimination rates of target antibiotics by various STPs mainly ranged from 40% to 80%. The total concentrations of quinolones was the highest compared with sulfonamides and tetracyclines in both influent and effluent samples, and OFL and NOR were dominant species. Quinolones and tetracyclines exhibited higher sorption property than sulfonamides. The teeatment units with 3AMBR technology removed antibiotics more efficiently than those with A~2/O and oxidation ditch technology. Secondary clarifiers exhibited higher elimination rates than primary clarifiers. Ozonation effectively removed remaining antibiotics compared with UV and chlorination disinfection.The total concentration of antibiotics in influent of wastewater treatment systems of hospitals ranged from 1579 ng·L-1 to 10542 ng·L-1, and quinolones were the dominant species, which indicated that quinolones were mainly used among the three classes antibiotics in this region. The existing processes of hospitals were unable to completely remove antibiotics, and the elimination rates of various antibiotics mainly concentrated in 30%~70%. The total concentration of antibiotics in efluent was still at μg·L-1level. The total elimination rate of sulfonamides was higher than quinolones and tetracyclines.SMD, SMR, TC and CTC were the most frequently detected compounds, which indicated these antibiotics were mainly used among the fourteen antibiotics. The concentrations and detection rates of antibiotics in different type fecal samples made a great difference, which suggested the custom of using drug. The total concentration and detection rates of antibiotics in pig manure were highest. In pig manure,tetracyclines were dominant species, TC and SMR had higher concentrations. In dairy manure the total concentration of antibiotics was lowest, sulfonamides were dominant species, the concentrations of SMR and SMD were higher. In chicken manure, tetracyclines were dominant species, CTC and SMR had higher concentrations. |
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