| A field experiment was conducted in Yuzhou county of Henan province(Middle Henan)using wheat varietie Yumai49–198ang maize varietie Xiuqing74-9to study the effects ofhabitual patterns of farmers(T1), optimized habitual patterns of farmers(T2), ultra-high-yieldmodel(T3), optimized ultra-high-yield model (T4), on yield, population dynamics,accumulation and allocation of dry matter, nutrient absorption and distribution, soil mineralnitrogen accumulation and stress resistance of wheat/maize rotation system and so on.Todiscusse the pros and cons of habitual patterns of farmers, ultra-high-yield model comparedto the two optimized management models, and to explore the differences and similaritiesbetween crop growth and laws of nutrient uptake, Thus, identify the main limiting factorsand solutions on restricting crop yield and efficient use of nutrients. Thereby establishing thehigh yield and efficiency model with stable high yield and resources efficient use. Mainresults are as follows.1.Wheat groups showed a single peak curve in different management models in twoyears, peaked at reviving. Critical adjustment period was reviving-jointing stage.For thehighest tillering appeared in reviving, thus populations in reviving determined the paniclenumbers and population quality to some extent. Study showed suitable starting point forgroups was from176.7to256.7104/ha, the suitable sowing amount was from79.5to114104/ha, Maximum tiller numbers was from1020.0to1354.4104/ha. The two optimizedmodels(T2and T4)improved tiller percentage, compared with farmers(T1) and ultra-highyield model(T3). So rational water and fertilizer managements can increase wheat paniclenumbers and tiller percentage.2.Dry matter accumulation of wheat showed a rising trend in growth period, quicklyrising after jointing. Dry matter accumulation of two optimized models(T2and T4)significantly higher than farmers(T1) and ultra-high yield model(T3), Therefore rationalwater and fertilizer management can increase the accumulation of dry matter, which playedcritical role on jointing-flowering period, Therefore dressing at jointing stage can increasedry matter accumulation. Dry matter accumulation of maize showed the same trend as wheatduring growth period, quickly rised at large bell and filling stages, there were not significantdifferences between different management models before filling stage. But Accumulation of maize dry matter of two optimized models(T2and T4) significantly high, compared withfarmers(T1) and ultra-high yield model(T3).3.Accumulation of dry matter in various wheat vegetative organs were showed stems>leaves> sheath> glume and cob, Emerged first increased and then decreased along with daysafter flowering, Reached its maximum at7days after anthesis. Dry matter accumulation ofgrain showed a straight upward trend, growing fast during14to21days after anthesis. Fromthe point of view of transhipment and transport rates of dry matter, optimized managementmodels were significantly larger than habitual patterns of farmers, rational water andfertilizer managements can significantly improved the transfer of dry matter after anthesis.4.Accumulations of wheat nitrogen and phosphorus both showed rising trends duringgrowing period in different years, while potassium showed a downward trend after the firstrising at anthesis. Accumulations of wheat NPK in T2treatment significantly more than T1treatment, same as T3treatment and T4treatment. optimized water and fertilizermanagement can significantly improved accumulation of wheat NPK after the jointing stage,which played critical role on jointing–anthesis. Accumulation of maize nitrogen andphosphorus were similar to wheat during growing period, but was slightly different inaccumulation of maize potassium which varied a “S” model in growing period, unchangedafter filling stage. Accumulation of maize potassium was significantly different betweeneach treatment after the large bell, and showed T4＞T3＞T2＞T1.5.Nitrogen accumulation of vegetative organs exhibited leaves> stems> sheath>glume and cob during0to21days after flowering, thus that showed stems> leaves> sheath>glume and cob21days after flowering, same as phosphorus accumulation of vegetativeorgans and potassium Accumulation of vegetative organs during0to14days afterflowering,but stems> leaves> glume and cob> sheath14days after flowering. Accumulationof grain nitrogen and phosphorus were significantly greater than the vegetative organs afterflowering, and emerged as a rising trend under different treatments in different years.Unlikly, potassium accumulation of grain was significantly less than vegetative organs,moreover, showing a slow upward after flowering.6.Accumulation of mineral nitrogen in0-30and30-60cm wheat soil layer underoptimized management models were significantly increased,compared with habitual patternsof farmers, but was not significantly different in60-90cm wheat soil layer, optimizedmanagement models increased mineral nitrogen accumulation in0-60soil layer, andavoided leaching of mineral nitrogen. Accumulation of mineral nitrogen in0-30maize soillayer was T3=T4＞T1=T2at maturity, optimized management models increased mineralnitrogen accumulation in0-30maize soil layer, Reduced that in30-90cm maize soil layer, which effectively prevented mineral nitrogen from leaching to deeper soil.7.Compared with T1, the wheat production of T2, T3, T4treatment respectivelyincreased by18.3%,52.7%,45.7%and15.9%,31.5%,25.4%in2011-2012year and2012-2013year, and it was significant differences between treatments. For three elements ofthe wheat production, the grain number is a key factor to yield,and grain number of T2wassignificantly greater than T1, then T3and T4were not significant different. Compared withT1, the maize production of T2, T3, T4treatment respectively increased by13.1%、37.1%、33.3%'21.7%、31.8%、35.0%. From the point of view of maize yield traits, compared withfarmers model and ultra-high-yield model, optimization mode significantly increased maizeear length, significantly reduced the bare top, and grain number of key factors determine theyield,the grain number of T3and T4was no significant differences in treatment, butsignificantly greater than T1and T2, T2treatment was significantly greater than T1. Thewheat harvest index of T3was significantly greater than T4, and significantly greater thanT1and T2treatment, but T1and T2treatments were not significantly different.And themaize harvest index of each treatment were not significantly different.8.Compared with the farmers model, optimization mode one significantly improved thewheat PFP of nitrogen and phosphorus; compared with the ultra-high-yield model,optimization mode two significantly improves the wheat PFP of nitrogen,phosphate andpotash. For corn nitrogen use efficiency on maize, optimization model one moresignificantly increased the PFP of nitrogen than farmers model, then optimization mode twomore significantly increased the PFP of nitrogen,phosphate and potash than ultra-high-yieldmodel.The wheat nitrogen and phosphorus absorption efficiency of T2treatment wassignificantly greater than T1, then the wheat nitrogen and phosphorus absorption efficiencyof T4treatment was significantly greater than T3, the wheat potassium absorption efficiencyof T1and T2was not different, but T4was significantly greater than T3. The maize Nuptake efficiency of T2was significantly greater than T1,the maize NPK uptake efficiencyof T4was significantly greater than T3.9.The scab disease index of T1treatment was significantly greater than other treatments,T2treatment was significantly greater than T3and T4, then T3was significantly greaterthan T4. From the point of view lodging rate, T3>T1>T2>T4, and it was significantdifferences between treatments. From the lodging index view, T3>T1>T2>T4, and it wassignificant differences between treatments, this rule is consistent with the lodging rate.Compared with farmers model and ultra-high-yield model, optimization mode one and tworeduced wheat scab incidence and disease index, reducing the rate of wheat lodging andlodging index, enhanced wheat resistance. From the nutrient balance, compared with farmers model and ultra-high-yield model, optimization mode one and two could effectivelyrelieve severe surplus of nitrogen and phosphorus, then could improve the surplus ofpotassium.And compared with farmers model and ultra-high-yield model, optimizationmodes could significantly improve net income, effectively improving the economicefficiency, so as to achieve the increasing in production and efficiency. |
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