Soil Groundcover Management Measures On Red Fuji Apple Orchards Soil And Its Ecological Effects In Loess Plateau,Eastern Gansu Province

Aiming the fact that lack of the effective approaches in orchards is one of themajor problems in groundcover soil management of Eastern Gansu Province,wechoosed two representative Red Fuji Apple orchards in Wenquan Township of XifengDistrict in Gansu Province in2011-2013.By using differents soil mulchingapproaches and Organic fertilizer amounts to study its effects on Soil ecology. Andthere are two orchards including orchard1#with highly economical productivity andorchard2#with lowly. Five treatments were designed in the present orchard,containing: T1：Contrast，the conventional soil management;T2：optimization one(ridging+Soil nutritional regulation+common organic fertilizer)+plastic filmmulch;T3：optimization two (ridging+Soil nutritional regulation+microbial organicfertilizer)+plastic film mulch;T4：optimization one+straw mulch;T5：optimizationtwo+straw mulch. The main results are as follows:1.The optimization treatments all could improve the soil moisture andtemperature effects.The effect of treatments of plastic film mulch on increasing thesurface soil temperature is superior to the effect of treatment of straw mulch.While theeffect of treatments of straw mulch on increasing the surface soil moisture is superiorto the effect of treatments of plastic film mulch.Different optimization treatment on the influence of soil temperature isdifferent.Among them, treatments of plastic film mulch significantly increased thesurface soil temperature in all0-20cm soil layers, especially in early spring period.Butin the summer its temperature setp up to apple root optimum growth temperature toinhibit the growth of root and affect the second root development of root system. Thesurface soil temperature of treatments of straw mulch rised more slowly in earlyspring period,but it’s stable in the whole growth period.And in autumn its temperaturewas higher than the T1,which is beneficial to the growth of root and helpful to delaythe recession of blade.Optimization can increase0-1m soil water content, significantly increased soilmoisture in0-60cm of soil layer compared with control and negligible in60-100cm. Treatments of straw mulch had the most obvious effect.In the April and May, theweather is dry.soil moisture increased by50.2%and20.6%in T4and by25.0%and21.3%in T5of the NO.1orchard compared with T1, respectively. And soil moistureincreased by27.7%and12.6%in T4and by25.6%and16.1%in T5of theNO.2.Enhance of soil moisture has an important role to slow down the local springdrought damage.2. Optimization can improve the soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in0-20cm soil layer. Among them, soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen ofbiological organic fertilizer processing T3and T5is greater than that of commonorganic fertilizer processing T2, T4.Variation trend of two orchard soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen isconsistent. Soil microbial biomass carbon in T2,T3,T4,T5increased by4.35%,5.28%,12.28%and14.43%in the NO.1orchard compared with T1,while Soil microbialnitrogen increased by6.74%,6.87%,14.48%and15.75%. Soil microbial biomasscarbon in T2,T3,T4,T5increased by3.60%,4.44%,6.31%and7.15%in the NO.2orchard compared with T1，while Soil microbial biomass nitrogen increased by5.40%,6.70%,10.32%and9.30%. Soil microbial biomass carbon、nitrogen in theNO.1orchard is higher than its in in the NO.2orchard.But enhance the rate of theNO.2orchard is higher than its in in the NO.1orchard.So, under the similar basic soilnutrients content,the differernt of soil microbial biomass carbon、nitrogen is animportant reason for the different orchard productivity.3.Optimization can improve the soil enzyme activity in0-20cm soil layer.Effectof different treatments on soil urease, catalase, sucrose is same with its effect on soilmicrobial biomass. Soil enzyme activity of biological organic fertilizer processing T3and T5is greater than that of common organic fertilizer processing T2, T4.Soil urease,catalase, invertase activity in T4and T5were greater than the T1.Soil urease andinvertase activity in T2and T3were greater than the T1while soil catalase generallywere less than T1.Soil urease activity in T2,T3,T4,T5increased6.24%,7.23%,18.03%,14.43%inthe NO.1orchard compared with T1and13.30%,16.18%,40.87%,44.00%in the NO.2 orchard. Soil invertase activity in T2,T3,T4,T5increased by2.64%,3.10%,10.42%,10.92%in the NO.1orchard compared with T1and3.27%,4.48%,10.53%,11.51%in the NO.2orchard. Soil urease activity in theNO.1orchard is higher than its in in the NO.2orchard.But enhance the rate of theNO.2orchard is higher than its in in the NO.1orchard.So, under the similar basic soilnutrients content,the differernt of urease activity is another important reason for thedifferent orchard productivity.