| The objective of this study was to explore the effects of the different chemical fertilizer application amounts on soil moisture and manure consumption traits, grain yield, water use efficiency(WUE) and fertilizer efficiency(AE) under ridge-furrow rainfall harvesting planting pattern. A 2-year field experiment was conducted in semi-arid areas of southern Ningxia from Sept. 2012 to June. 2014. Two cultivation patterns(R: ridge-furrow cultivation and F: conventional flat cultivation) and 4 chemical fertilizer application levels H(N+P: 270+180 kg·hm-2), M(N+P: 180+120 kg·hm-2), L(N+P: 90+60 kg·hm-2), 0(No fertilizer) were set in this study. The main results are as follows:1. The ridge-furrow cultivation(R) could significantly improve soil moisture conditions tilling stage, the average soil moisture contents in 0-200 cm layer of the ridge-furrow cultivation(R) treatments were higher than that of the corresponding conventional flat cultivation(F) treatments, the soil moisture content showed a great difference in the 0-120 cm layer. The average soil moisture contents in 0-200 cm soil layer of the R treatments were lower than that of the corresponding F treatments at filling and harvesting stage of winter wheat, especially the average soil moisture contents of RH and RM treatments in 60-120 cm soil layer were significantly lower than that of the corresponding F treatments in the harvest period. Fertilization had obvious effects on the soil moisture in growth period of winter wheat. The soil water storage of winter wheat increased with the increasing of of fertilizer applied at jointing stage, while an opposite trend was observed at late growth stage of winter wheat; the soil moisture showed a great difference in the shallow layer(0-60 cm) of filling stage and deep layer(60-200cm) of harvesting stage.2. The ridge-furrow cultivation and fertility treatments had different impacts on the content of different soil nutrients. After the wheat harvest the trend of soil available N contents(depth 0-60cm) of RH and RM treatments showed a “Low- high- low” trend as the soil layer deepened and the soil available N of 20-40 cm layer were significantly higher than those of other soil layers. The 0-60 cm soil available nutrients contents of other treatments gradually reduced as the soil layer deepened. The soil available N and K contents(depth 0-60cm) of R treatments were higher than the corresponding F treatments. Compared to F treatments, available N contents in 20-50 cm soil layer and available K contents in 0-20 cm soil layer showed a great difference; In the shallow layer(0-10cm), soil available P contents of R treatments were higher than those of the corresponding F treatments, and the higher the fertilizer level was, the larger the increase amplitude was, while in 10-50 cm soil layers, an opposite trend was observed. Under the same planting form, the soil available N and P both increased with the level of fertilizer applied. In 20-40 cm soil layer, significant differences were found among soil available N contents of different treatments(p<0.05), while no3. significant difference was observed among soil available K contents of different treatments.4. The ridge-furrow planting pattern under different fertilizer level could significantly increase yield of winter wheat. Under the same application fertilizer level, winter wheat yields of R treatments were higher than those of the corresponding F treatments, which increased 21.52-30.97% on average. RM treatment has greatest effects on increasing the yield, followed by RM. WUEY has the similar changing trend with yield, average increments of R treatments were respectively 1.83 and 5.83% in the tested 2 years. However, the ridge-furrow treatments didn’t enhance the harvest index, the average harvest index of R treatments decreased 8.18 and 6.71% in comparison with F treatments in the tested 2 years. Under the same planting form, the yield and harvest index increased with the amount of fertilizer applied. There were significant differences between RL and R0, RM and RL(p<0.05), whereas no significant difference was observed between RH and RM(p>0.05). The order of each treatment’s harvest index was: RM>RL>RH>R0, FL>FM>FH>F0. The differences of harvest index among F treatments were smaller than that among R treatments.4 The ridge-furrow cultivation and fertility treatments obviously increased nitrogen and phosphorus absorption and utilization efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus of wheat. Under the same application level of fertilizer, the increased amplitudes of R treatments were larger than those of F treatments(p<0.05). The nitrogen and phosphorus absorption of R treatments were respectively 19.16-38.70% and 3.76-27.74% higher than those of F treatments; the nitrogen and phosphorus utilization efficiency of R treatments were 31.24 and 6.56% and they were respectively 38.09 and 47.09% higher than those of F treatments. Under the same planting form, the nitrogen and phosphorus absorption increased with the increasing of the amount of fertilizer applied, the increase amplitude between adjacent fertility gradient were 12.62-38.11% and 10.61-16.21%, the differences of phosphorus were smaller than the differences of nitrogen. Under the ridge-furrow cultivation the order of nitrogen and phosphorus utilization efficiency was M>H>L. However, the ridge-furrow treatment didn’t enhance the ratio of N and P content in grain, which was negatively correlated with the amount of fertilizer applied.5 The ridge-furrow cultivation significantly improved agronomic efficiency(AE), fertilizer contribution rate(FCR), partial factor productivity(PFP)of wheat. In 2012-2013 growing season, AE, FCR and PFP of R treatment were respectively 74.36, 48.75 and 13.33% higher than those of F treatment, while in 2013-2014 growing season, the increase amplitude were respectively 35.62, 21.85 and 9.20%(p<0.05). In the same planting form, the order of AE was M>L>R, the order of FCR were RH>RM>RL and FM>FL>FH; the order of PFP were RH<RM<RL, FM<FL<FH. |
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