Effects Of Nitrogen And Row Spacing On Grain Yield And Quality Of Different Gluten Wheat

In order to explore the influence of nitrogen management, nitrogen application amount and row spacing on grain yield and its components, grain quality and physiological characteristics among the strong gluten wheat, middle gluten wheat and weak gluten wheat. The experiment was conducted on the Experimental Farm of Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Yangzhou University from 2012 to 2013. The effects of nitrogen management on grain yield and quality of different gluten were investigated by using strong gluten wheat (Jimai 20), middle gluten wheat (Baomai 1) and weak gluten wheat (Yangmai 15) under high-yielding cultivation system. The experiment was carried out on the Experimental Farm of Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Yangzhou University and Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences from 2013 to 2014. The main objective was to study the influence of nitrogen application amount and row spacing on grain yield and quality by using strong gluten wheat (Jimai 20), middle gluten wheat (Zhongmai 8) and weak gluten wheat (Yangmai 15) under high-yielding cultivation system. The main results were as follows:1. Effects of Nitrogen Management on Grain Yield and Quality of Different Gluten Wheat in Rice Stubble LandThe results indicated that nitrogen management had different impact on grain yield and its components and grain quality among strong gluten wheat (Jimai 20), middle gluten wheat (Baomai 1) and weak gluten wheat (Yangmai 15). Increasing nitrogen application amount and/or the proportion of topdressing N after elongation stage advisably increased SPAD values of flag leaves and grain yield among different gluten wheat, however, significant differences between varieties. The prtein content, GMP content, wet gluten content, sedimentation volume, development time and RVA properties of strong and middle gluten wheat increased with the rising of N application amount and the proportion of topdressing N after elongation stage significantly. The treatment of N applying at 270 kg·hm-2 and 225 kg·hm-2 were significantly higher than 180 kg·hm-2. When the nitrogen application amount was more than 225 kg·hm-2, the improvement degree of grain quality was not obvious among different gluten wheat, among them the grain quality of Yangmai 15 was inversely reducing. GS enzyme activity of grain among three kinds of wheat all increased through properly increasing N application amount and ratio of N application, which the effects of nitrogen management on GS enzyme activity of Jimai 20 and Baomai 1 were significantly greater than Yangmai 15. The suitable nitrogen management with different gluten wheat can realize the coordination and improvement among grain yield and quality. The appropriate nitrogen treatment (N application rates and basic:tillering:elongation: booting N fertilizer) of strong gluten wheat (Jimai 20), middle gluten wheat (Baomai 1) and weak gluten wheat (Yangmai 15) was 3:1:3:3 with 225 kg·hm-2,3:1:3:3 with 225 kg·hm-2 and 5:1:2:2 with 180 kg-hm"2 or 7:1:2:0 with 225 kg·hm-2 respectively. Above-mentioned nitrogen treatment were based on yield and quality considered as a whole.2. Effects of Nitrogen Rate and Row Spacing on Grain Yield and Quality of Strong and Weak Gluten Wheat in Rice Stubble LandThere were different effects on grain yield, grain quality and physiological characteristics among strong gluten wheat (Jimai 20) and weak gluten wheat (Yangmai 15) by regulation of nitrogen rate and row spacing. Increasing nitrogen application amount or row spacing advisably increased SPAD values of flag leaves and grain yield among different gluten wheat. The plant nitrogen accumulation amounts of Jimai 20 and Yangmai 15 were increased with the advance of nitrogen rate and row spacing, which high nitrogen level was beneficial to the increasing nitrogen accumulation amount of Jimai 20, however the treatment of mid-nitrogen were higher than those under the other treatments to Yangmai 15. The grain quality of strong gluten wheat (Jimai 20) was significantly better than weak gluten wheat (Yangmai 15). The prtein content, wet gluten content, sedimentation volume, development time, stability time and RVA properties of strong gluten wheat (Jimai 20) improved with the rising of N application amount and row spacing, when the quality of weak gluten wheat (Yangmai 15) decreased. The effects of N fertilizer rate on milling quality were not notable. The treatment of spaced 30 cm was more conducive to the formation of high grain quality of Jimai 20, while 20 cm was conducive to the formation of high grain quality of Yangmai 15. GS enzyme activity of grain and flag leaves under the condition of applying nitrogen at N 270 kg·hm-2 and spaced 30 cm among two kinds of wheat were all higher than others. The suitable regulation of nitrogen rate and row spacing with different gluten wheat can realize the coordination and improvement among yield and quality. The appropriate treatment of strong gluten wheat (Jimai 20) and weak gluten wheat (Yangmai 15) were 30cm with 225 kg·hm-2 and 20cm with 225 kg·hm-2 respectively.3. Effects of Nitrogen Rate and Row Spacing on Grain Yield and Quality of Strong and Middle Gluten Wheat in Dry Stubble LandWith the increasing nitrogen application rate or row spacing, SPAD values of flag leaves and photosynthetic rate of flag leaves of two different gluten wheat could maintain higher value under the condition of the nitrogen treatment 270 kg-hm’2 and spaced 20 cm, which could accumulate more photosynthate and was the foundation of high yield. The plant nitrogen accumulation amounts of two different gluten wheat were increased with the advance of nitrogen rate and row spacing, which the nitrogen treatment 210 kg·hm-2 was beneficial to the increasing nitrogen accumulation amount of Jimai 20, however the treatment of N 270 kg-hm"2 were higher than those under the other treatments to Zhongmai 8. The treatment of N 270 kg-hm"2 and spaced 20 cm could improve protein accumulation after anthesis, protein content at maturity significantly. In the condition of spaced 20 cm, middle nitrogen level was more conducive to the improvement of processing quality, i.e. kernel hardness, flour yield, wet gluten content, sedimentation volume and farinograph parameter to Jimai 20, while high nitrogen level to Zhongmai 8. With the advance of N applying amount, bread volume and bread score were all significantly increasing between strong gluten (Jimai 20) and middle gluten (Zhongmai 8), while volume weight decreasing. In addition, increasing row spacing appropriately could improve the processing quality of two type wheat notably. The suitable regulation of nitrogen rate and row spacing with different gluten wheat can realize the coordination and improvement among yield and quality. The appropriate treatment of strong gluten wheat (Jimai 20) and middle gluten wheat (Zhongmai 8) was 20 cm with 210 kg·hm-2,20 cm with 270 kg·hm-2 respectively.4. Nitrogen Application model and Configuration between Nitrogen and Row Spacing of Different Gluten Wheat under High Grain Yield and QualityThe optimum nitrogen application model was different among different gluten wheat for high grain yield and quality. The appropriate nitrogen treatment(N application rates and basic: tillering:elongation:booting N fertilizer) of strong gluten wheat (Jimai 20), middle gluten wheat (Baomai 1) and weak gluten wheat (Yangmai 15) was 3:1:3:3 with 225 kg·hm-2,3:1:3:3 with 225 kg·hm-2 and 5:1:2:2 with 180 kg·hm-2 or 7:1:2:0 with 225 kg·hm-2 respectively.There were differences in the configuration between nitrogen and row spacing under different crops for rotation for high grain yield and quality of wheat. The results indicated that the appropriate treatment of strong gluten wheat (Jimai 20) was 30cm with 225 kg·hm-2 under rice stubble land, while 20 cm with 210 kg·hm-2 under dry stubble land.