| To reduce the cost of bio-organic fertilizer (BIO) and to utilize the waste feather powder, chicken manure compost as a carrier and feather powders produced by two process as exogenous protein resources were selected to solid-state ferment two plant growth-promoting bacteria, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens NJN-6 and SQR9, for producing novel BIOs and obtaining novel solid state fermentation (SSF) process. The results were as follows:1. The possibility of utilization of expanded feather powder and oil cake as solid-state fermentation (SSF) media to produce bio-organic fertilizers with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strain Bacillus amyloliquefaciens NJN-6 was first investigated. The results showed that addition of oil cake and expanded feather powder efficiently solid-state fermented strain NJN-6 with the optimum additive amount of 10% (dry weight), improved the nutrient contents in the novel bio-organic fertilizers and significantly promoted banana plant growth. After transplanting for 40 days, compared to the treatment 1 supplied with bio-organic fertilizer produced with no exogenous protein resource, the fresh biomass of the above- and below-ground parts of banana plants in treatment 2 supplied with bio-organic fertilizer produced by adding oil cake increased by 28.71% and 31.19%, while the value for banana plants in treatment 3 treated by bio-organic fertilizer produced by expanded feather powder addition increased by 20.62% and 26.87%, respectively. After transplanting for 70 days, compared to treatment 1, treatment 2 increased the plant height and stem diameter by 25.95% and 10.72%, while treatment 3 increased by 16.22% and 8.74%, respectively. In conclusion, although the bio-organic fertilizer supplemented with oil cake more significantly promoted banana growth than that supplemented with expanded feather powder, the latter one still had certain advantages in solid-state fermentation of the PGPR strain and promoting banana growth, indicating a possibility to produce bio-organic fertilizer (BIO) using expanded feather powder.2. The possibility of utilization of oil cake, expanded feather powder and bran as solid-state fermentation (SSF) media to produce novel bio-organic fertilizers with PGPR strain Bacillus amyloliquefaciens NJN-6 was further investigated. Box Behnken response surface method was used to investigate the the best formula. Results showed that addition of 5.94% of oil cake,11.47% of expanded feather powder,4% of bran in the chicken manure compost contributed to efficient SSF. The optimum water content, optimal environmental temperature and initial inoculation size were 40%,30℃ to 35℃ and 40 ml kg-1, respectively. Filed experiment showed that compared to no fertilizer control (CK), chemical fertilizer control (CF), chicken manure compost (OF) and novel organic fertilizer (AOF), application of the novel bio-organic fertilizer could significantly increase the plant height and stem diameter of eggplant, increased the yield by 20.70%,17.83%,9.40% and 8.88%, respectively.3. The possibility of utilization of hydrolysed feather powder supplied by Jiangsu Hanling Co., Ltd., Jiangsu, China for producing BIO was investigated. Results showed that addition of hydrolysed feather powder contributed to efficient SSF by a plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strain SQR9 and the optimal additional amount was 50 g kg-1. The results of pot experiment showed that the application of BIO produced by adding 50 g-kg"1 of hydrolysed feather powder significantly increased the plant height, stem diameter and above-ground dry and fresh weights for two tested plants (eggplant and tomato), and the chlorophyll content for tomato leaves at later growth stage was also increased. Moreover, in the rhizosphere soil, the bacteria and actinomycetes numbers in the treatment was 1.37 and 1.33 times of that in CKa (applied with chicken manure compost),2.36 and 1.35 times of that in CKb (applied with bio-organic fertilizer produced without feather powder), while the fungal number was decreased to 36.57% and 76.95%, respectively. Indicating that application of the novel BIO improved the number of the culturable microbes.4. Effects of expanded feather powder and hydrolysed feather powder on the SSF efficiency were compared. Results showed that cell density in the SSF with hydrolysed feather powder significantly higher than with expanded feather powder; BIOs produced with feather powder significantly increased the above-ground dry and fresh weights of brassica chinensis and eggplant and the increasing rate showed postive correction with additional amount; moreover, more promotation efficiency was observed in the treatment supplied with BIO produced by hydrolysed feather powder than by expanded feather powder with same additional amount; compared to all other treatments, a significant increase in chlorophyll content was shown in treatment supplied with BIO produced by 100 g·kg-1 of hydrolysed feather powder.5. Since hydrolyzed feather powder is a kind of good nitrogen-containing material rich in a wide variety of amino acids, it was used to replace the tryptone, a common component in Luria-Bertani medium for cultivating bacteria, to develop a novel bacterial medium and recycle the waste resource. Absorbance at 600 nm of the fermentation broths detected by turbidimetry and culture-dependent method were used for analyzing the effect of medium on cell growth. Results showed that compared to the LB medium, no significant difference or more abundance in the growth of the tested bacteria was observed when tryptone was completely replaced by feather powder and the biomass of type strains (Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis) tested, increased by 21.59% and 27.83%, respectively. Results of bacteria-growth curve showed that a bit delay at the initial phase and an extended logarithmic phase of the tested strains were observed in the novel medium. However, the biomasses of the strains tested at stable phase in the novel medium were higher than those in the control. Meanwhile, results from culture-dependent method showed that no significant difference for the number of type strains were observed between the two media. In conclusion, the hydrolyzed feather powder was able to replace tryptone to create a novel low-cost but high-quality medium. |
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