| Poisonous organisms refer to the organisms that can lead to poisoning to those who exposed or ingested them, its health effect to humans could be organic or functional, and people could receive its hazards through ingestion, bite/sting and skin exposure, accidently, inhalation of particles such as fungal spore also cause discomfort reaction. Poisonous animals, poisonous plants and poisonous mushrooms (poisonous macro-fungi) are very common in our daily life. In recent years, intoxication caused by poisonous animals, plants, and mushrooms occurred frequently, which not only did harm to public health, but also caused serious social impact, has become one of the prominent public health problem in China. However, there is little concerns on the hazards caused by poisonous organisms in the field of public health at present, this is manifested in the current situation that the poisoning control of poisonous organisms is just starting out, lack basic information of the hazards caused by poisonous organism, and poisoning mechanism of poisonous organisms has not yet been elucidated, thus, it was difficult to develop effective coping strategies. Therefore, understanding the status of poisoning caused by poisonous animals, plants and mushrooms in our country will provide scientific basis for orienting the working direction to the control of poisonous animals, plants and mushrooms, and the research on key technique for controlling poisoning. On this basis, the aconitum genus which poisoning occurred frequently with serious hazards was selected to preliminarily explore effect of influencing factors on the aconitine-type toxins.In this study, the published literatures in Chinese regarding poisoning "cases or events caused by poisonous animals, poisonous plants and mushrooms were collected, and the poisoning related data was extracted from the literatures to explore the features of poisoning caused by poisonous animals, plants and mushrooms in our country. The toxin content in poisonous plants was affected by species, growth periods, different parts and growth environment. In this study, a method quantitative detection of aconitine-type toxins was established and used to explore the effect of different storages and different parts on mesaconitine, aconitine and hypaconitine in Aconitum kusnezoffii.1. Literature analysis of poisoning caused by poisonous organisms in chinaChina Hospital Knowledge Database and Wanfang Database were searched, and published literature regarding poisoning cases or events caused by poisonous animals, poisonous plants, and poisonous mushrooms in1994-2011was collected. The data was extracted and analyzed using retrospective descriptive epidemiological methods. Three thousand four hundred and sixty three articles consistent with the criteria were collected and a total of94700poisonous patients were reported, of which46110were produced by poisonous animals,37172produced by poisonous plants, and11418produced by poisonous mushrooms. The poisoning distribution has regional difference, the total poisoning in the top5regions was accounted for64.71%(29834/46107),44.01%(16336/37119) and54.72%(6217/11361) in the poisoning caused by poisonous animals, poisonous plants and poisonous mushrooms respectively, the rest of poisoning was sporadically distributed in the other region. The spectrum of poison was relatively concentrated. In the number of poisoning by the poison categories, venomous snakes, fish gall bladders, puffer fishes, histamine producing fishes and wasp were the top five categories in poisonous animals, which accounted for78.77%(36321/46110) in poisoning by poisonous animals; Leguminosae, Ranunculaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Solanaceae and Coriariaceae were the top five in poisonous in poisonous plants, which accounted for84.03%(31234/37172) in poisonous plants totally. Puffer fishes, fish gall bladders, venomous snakes, wasp, and nassarius caused90.38%deaths in poisonous by poisonous animals, Ranunculaceae, Loganiaceae, Coriariaceae, Celastraceae and Euphorbiaceae accounted for82.27%fatality in poisonous plants. Most poisonous mushrooms poisoning was due to unknown species which accounted for77.09%(8802/11418), and Amanitaceae and Boletaceae were the most common mushrooms in known poisonous mushroom poisoning. The main causes of poisoning were accidents (50.24%,41291/82185) and mistaken ingestion (42.19%,34670/82185) and the main route of intoxication was oral ingestion (70.34%,66438/94458).The case fatality rates due to poisonous animals, poisonous plants, and poisonous mushrooms were2.52%(1008/39951),1.66%(547/33001), and12.39%(1248/10076), respectively.2. Experimental study on factors affecting levels of aconitine-type alkaloids in aconitum kusnezoffiiIn this study, a method quantitative detection of aconitine-type toxins by high-performance liquid chromatography was established through the optimization of the ultrasound extraction, solid phase extraction and chromatographic condition. The results of validation showed the method can meet the requirement for detection.The established method was used to explore the effect of different storages and different parts on mesaconitine, aconitine and hypaconitine in aconitum kusnezoffii. Compared with the respective control group, the fresh aconitum kusnezoffii sealed stored in50℃,24h mesaconitine, aconitine and hypaconitine were87.02±1.13%,86.60±1.12%and90.36±0.33%respectively; the unsealed had no obvious change; and the dried sample had no obvious change too. The alkaloids content of fresh sample store in35℃with different time reduced in some different degree,72h mesaconitine, aconitine and hypaconitine were59.45±2.77%,52.28±2.18%and72.24±8.63%; while stored in silica-gel drier(20℃,72h) were86.21±3.68%,82.96±1.70%and93.33±23.64%; The alkaloids content of fresh aconitum kusnezoffii stored in low temperature(ice bag,24h;-20℃,2h) had no obvious change.There were big difference in different parts of the three alkaloids content in the same aconitum kusnezoffii.From the above results, we draw the conclusions:(1) The poisoning caused by poisonous animals, plants and mushrooms occurred frequently with high mortality, and lead to serious damages.(2) The regional distribution of poisoning has big differences in different areas, and has certain correlation with the natural distribution of species and geographical environment.(3) There is a wide range of poisonous organisms, and the understanding to them was insufficient, the spectrum of poison caused poisoning and fatality was relatively concentrated in several categories in poisonous animals and plants. Most poisonous mushrooms poisoning and death was due to unknown species.(4) The water in aconitum kusnezoffii, storage method and storage periods could affect the alkaloids content, low temperature storage was suitable for the storage of sample in toxin detection. the study also revealed that the types and levels of toxin differed a lot in different parts of aconitum kusnezoffii, but needs further investigation. |
PDF Full Text Request