The Research Of Guangdong’s Haifang Tongzhi During The Ming And The Qing Dynasty

Haifang Tongzhi is an official that was established to respond to threats from the ocean.It had a larger voice in coast defense of China in after the middle of Ming Dynasty. The Qing government followed the former broadly, but made some changes, especially in Guangdong. From the establishment of Haifang Tongzhi in Guangdong, we might see the change of Situation and thought of coastal defense in this province, and so did that in the whole empire.The first one is the Haifang Tongzhi in after the middle of Ming Dynasty. The first two Haifang tongzhi were set in Songjiang and Suzhou in 1553. After defeat the Japanese pirates, this system was rapidly learned by the other provinces, even in some inland provinces. All these official were similar in function, but different in practice. The second one is Haifang Tongzhi in early Qing Dynasty. Haifang Tongzhi were far away from coastal defense when Manchuria governed Mainland China. After the reign of the Emperor Kangxi and Yongzheng, the number of Haifang Tongzhi was increased. The third one is Haifang Tongzhi in the middle of Qing Dynasty. Under the rule of Qianlong, the Haifang Tongzhi system gradually moved to standard. The last one is Haifang Tongzhi in late Qing. After the Opium War, the Qing government in the face of the new situation of coastal, and the Haifang Tongzhi of Guangdong have also been adjusted.