| Object and SignificanceDepression is a serious disease for human physical and mental health,it is very important to research depression for relieving the patients’ suffering and reducing the burden of their families and society.Lots of researches shows that negative cognitive processing bias is an important feature of susceptible persons and patients of depression, core pathogenesis and key therapeutic target of depression. Compiling a n egative cognitive processing bias questionnaire can provide an important tool for the early warning and diagnosis of depression,because we can use it to screen the depressed susceptible person in the crowds and evaluate the extent of the impairment of cognition in depressive patients.At present the concept and the components of the negative cognition processing bias are not clear.Only foreign scholars have tried to compile the questionnaires about the negative cognitive processing bias,but some measure the negative cognitive processing bias Indirectly by study attitude disorder,Some only examine the negative interpretation bias and Some only examine the negative interpretation bias.There is not an appropriate questionnaire to comprehensive measure the negative cognitive processing bias. And the questionnaire compiled by foreign scholars is not applicable for Chinese culture.So it is very necessary to compile a questionnaire which can comprehensive measure the negative cognitive processing bias and is adapted to the cultural features of our country.SubjectSubjects of preliminary survey were 638 university students,among which 341 male students(53.4%) and 297 female students(46.6%).In grade terms,there are 271 freshmen,189 sophomore,91 juniors and 87 seniors.The ages ranged from 15 to 25,(19.38±1.69) at average.Subjects of formal survey were 2101 subjects from 13 province of China. Effective gender statistics is 2047 cases,among which male were 1101(53.8%) cases and female were945(46.2%) cases;Effective age statistics is 2087 cases,which ranged from 11 to 68 and(29.70±10.61)at average; Effective gender statistics is 2069 cases,among which there were 432 subjects with junior middle school degree(20.6%), 508 subjects with senior middle school degree,864 subjects with college degree(41.1%),265 subjects with graduate students degree and aboveProcess and methodWe combined qualitative research and quantitative research to define concepts and components of negative cognitive processing bias,then compiled the preliminary questionnaire.We survey some college students to form the preformed questionnaire from the preliminary questionnaire. The preformed questionnaire was tested in the nationwide sample.The formal questionnaire formed after item analysis,factor analysis, reliability and validity test. At last,we use T-test and One-way analysis of variance to research the gender, age, education features of negative cognitive processing bias.Results1.Concept of negative cognitive processing bias:Negative cognitive processing bias is a cognitive trait that Individual have a processing preference for negative information in the process of information processing.The four components of negative cognitive processing bias is negative attention bias,negative memory bias,negative interpretation bias and negative rumination bias.2.Negative cognitive processing bias questionnaire has good discrimination and internal consistency, the T value of 25 questions between high score group and the low score group were all higher than 3, P values were all less than 0.001; Every question’ correlation coefficient with total questionnaire scores was greater than 0.4, and statistically significant coefficients P values were all less than 0.001.3. After the exploratory factor analysis, the chi square of Bartlett spherical test was 7229.698, the significance level coefficient P<0.05. We Precipitate four factors: negative attention bias, negative memory bias, negative interpretation bias and negative ruminat ion bias, the four factors explained 50.151% of variation of the questionnaire.4. Questionnaire confirmatory factor analysis results: model fit indices χ2/df=3.321,RMSEA=0.047,RMR=0.029,GFI=0.948,AGFI=0.934,NFI=0.886,CFI=0.917,IFI=0.9185.After the reliability analysis: the Cronbach alpha coefficient is 0.893, the split halfreliability coefficient is 0.866.6.Correlation coefficient of negative cognitive processing bias questionnaire and Beck depression inventory is 0.395 with significant level P < 0.001, and the c orrelation coefficient of negative cognitive processing bias questionnaire and functional attitude disorder questionnaire is 0.548 with significantly level P < 0.001.7. Analysis of gender differences found that women’s negative cognitive processing bias score(t=4.743, P < 0.001) and negative bias(t=5.392, P < 0.001), negative interpretation bias(t=3.597, P < 0.001) and negative rumination bias(t=4.280, P < 0.001) three component scores were significantly higher than that of the male.8.After education degree difference analysis, we found that, the subjects’ negative cognitive processing bias scores(F=8.723, P < 0.001),negative attention bias scores(F=7.348, P < 0.01), negative memory bias scores(F=11.175, P < 0.001)and negative rumination bias scores(F=14.255, P < 0.001)were all different with education background for junior high school degree, high school degree, college degree,graduate students and above degree. Further post hoc test found that, overall, the lower the education degree was, the score and in negative cognitive processing bias questionnaire score and negative attention bias, negative memory bias and negative rumination bias were higher.9. Age difference analysis, we found that the negative cognitive processing bias between 12-18 years age group, 18-25 years old age group, 25-35 years old age group and over 35 years age groups exist significant difference(F=5.956, P < 0.001). Further post hoc test found, the negative cognitive processing level of 12-18 years age group of was significantly higher than that of 18-25 year old age group and 25-35 years old age group.Conclusions1. Concept of negative cognitive processing bias:Negative cognitive processing bias is a cognitive trait that Individual have a processing preference for negativ e information in the process of information processing.The four components of negative cognitive processing bias is negative attention bias,negative memory bias,negative interpretation bias and negative rumination bias.2. Self compiled the negative cognitive processing bias questionnaire has good discrimination, internal consistency, with high reliability and validity and can be used with depression related research and clinical practice.3. Women’s negative cognitive processing bias level was significantl y higher than that of males, 12-18 years age group of negative cognitive processing level was significantly higher than that of 18-25 year old age group and 25 to 35 year old age group, education, the lower negative cognitive processing bias level higher and higher. That female, low education groups and adolescents suffering from depression are at greater risk, we should strengthen the prevention and correction of these groups’ negative cognitive processing bias. |
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