The Research On The Measures And The Idea Of The Provincial Governors Of Shanxi About Governing Mongolia At The Late Qing Dynasty

From the middle of the 19th century, because of facing the situation of internal disorder and foreign invasions, confronting with serious frontier crisis, the frontier policy of the Qing Government was adjusted to the new situation and change. In this thesis, this author focuses on the provincial governors of Shanxi, this group of the frontier province’s governors, and analyses the new idea and measures about governing Mongolia,to the adjustment of the situation that the government was faced with double pressure, at the late Qing Dynasty, and the author has attempt to find out the common point and the difference of these actions about frontier regions. This author picks out some representative governors, Zhang Zhidong, Gangyi, Hu Pinzhi, Cen Chunxuan, and explain these governors’ idea and measures about Mongolia’s administration. Besides, the author finds out how these governors inherited and developed the policies on Mongolia. The realistic significance and profound influence of the provincial governors’ policy about Mongolia are narrated and commented by the author.Shanxi Province adjoins to the Mongolia District. Qing Dynasty successively sets up several "Ting", which are subordinate to Shanxi, at the Chahar Tribe and the Turmot Tribe, so it is inevitable that the provincial governors of Shanxi focus on the Mongolia regions close to Shanxi. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the governors took more active roles in the Mongolia regions. From the early of Guang Xu to "Qing Terminal New Deal", the prime offices of Shanxi insist on proposal of cultivating virgin land of Inner Mongolia. They spent two decades years on achieving the goal to cultivate the Mongolian regions, in the name of official cultivation. The "Tide of Cultivation" profoundly affects all aspects of Mongolian regions. The thesis aims to systematic examination the measures and the idea of the provincial governors of Shanxi about governing Mongolia, and strives to impersonally acknowledges the following set of relation:the frontier provinces and the Vassal, the political and economic interaction of the Hans and the Mongolian. In addition, the author analyses and summaries the transformation of "tradition", the far-reaching impact on the Mongolians and pastoral society.The thesis consists of introduction, main contents, epilogue. In the introduction, it introduces this thesis’ topic basis, research status, research methods, the basic historical materials.The main content is divided into four chapters. The first chapter summarizes the concept of the Northwest Frontier in the Qing Dynasty, the situation of the Northwest Region at the late Qing Dynasty, severity of internal disorder and foreign invasions, and the adjustment of frontier policy; The second chapter firstly introduce the brief outline of his biography, and Zhang Zhidong’s "precaution Russian" thought in discussing "Cong Treaty", mainly relates and analyzes Zhang Zhidong’s the measures and the idea about governing Mongolia, in view of politics, economy, education, national defense,argument on the Han’s census register between Shanxi and Mongolia Banners, and analyses the character of Zhang Zhidong’s thought about governing frontier regions; The third chapter states assertion of Gangyi and Hu Pinzhi,about border administration; The forth chapter relates and analyzes policies that Cen Chunxuan put bringing the Inner Mongolia area under cultivation into practice, on the basis of the previous, and that Cen Chunxuan assumed split and set Inner Mongolia into three or four provinces. The part of conclusion makes a brief overview of this thesis.