Study On The Reform Of Xiang Army Military SuppliesSystem In The Late Qing Dynasty

In the Qing Dynasty, Eight Banners is the main armed forces, and green camp is auxiliary power. In the early Qing Dynasty, Eight banners and green camp several times defeated enemy from inside and outside. The Manchu regime stability relied on the Eight Banners and green camp. At the same time, it also relies on the unified revenue and expenditure of fiscal centralization system. In this system, the system of the national fiscal revenue owned by the central government, the Ministry, firmly control the provincial taxation collection, management, sharing, allocation, through assessment, departure, remaining, playing pin system. Where there is no independent financial power the provincial governors as the agency of the Ministry, the main function is exercised the right of collection and management. Through the system design of property rights and t military leadership, so that the two closely combined with other systems, support together the Qing Dynasty centralization system.Following the Kang-Qian heyday, in his later years of Qianlong emperor, the state power began to decline, which the official corruptions and bribes and is rampant, and the fighting power of army drop sharp. The White Lotus rebellion of chuan-Shan and Chu Before and after the 1800, the corruptions of banners and green camp was completely exposed. Taiping army uprising led by Hong Xiuquan in jintian of Guangxi Province in Daoguang 30 years winter. In less than three years, they occupied large areas in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and established capital in Nanking. In the Taiping army go to North, the banners and green camp took a major hit after a series of failure, and lost large tracts of territory. As the huge military spending at the beginning of war, the revenue did not meet the payment of state treasury.In this case, Xianfeng Emperor had to adjust the old system, enlarged the right of General and local governors, so that they can raised the rating on the spot. Due to the lack of army, Zeng Guofan raising a civil corps in Hunan province, which assignment was assisting eight banners and Green.After Zeng was authorized, he recruit a army called Xiang army which was composed of simple farmer and came from his native place.As these special recruiting provisions, the loyalty-cohesion and combat effectiveness of Xiang army, is far better than banners and green. Meanwhile, with the great deal of revenue from likin taxation, Zeng provided Xiang army a relatively stable logistics services system.In close connected of recruiting soldiers and raiseing rates, the Xiang army eventually become the main army that defeated the Taiping armyIn wartime, the Qing Central Government unable to protect front-line army rates timely and in full supply. The local government took on the right and responsibility of raise rates. At the same time, the local government also set up a series of temporary management institution. Likin took a major role in the military expenditure of Xiang army.Since it appeared, the local government mastered the right of formulating the tax items and rates, card sets, and appointment of officers. The temporary financial institute that are only responsible for local governors, partially replaced the right of ponchassi which was controlled by central government.In wartime, a range of new factors in the financial system, closed tied with the Xiang army。Xianfeng ten years, Zeng Guofan’s took charge of the Governor of Liangjiang, after that as well as General Tso, Li Xu Yi, Yan Shusen, Shen Baozhen assumed the provinces Govermor in Zhejiang, Anhu, Hubei and Jiangxi. For a while, there was a power group composed of the Xiang army Generals, and the group controlled the southeastern China. At this time, some temporary policies began to institutionalize and immobilization. Decentralized financial and military power of the Qing government, grasped firmly in the hands of local governors, although the Qing Government made some effort to try to take back, but finally failed. The late Qing dynasty, it is a starting of the situation that soldiers only owned to general and governor control local power.