New Federalism Of Asia

Federalism is a political system, two hundred years ago, Hamilton in the "Federalist Papers" begins wrote: "Human society is truly have the ability to establish good government through reflection and choice, or they are doomed forever need luck and violence to determine their state system? We often say that God put on this important issue left to our people, we need through their own behavior to be a model to the world. If so, then you can believe that we are now on to the decisive moment, then we should make this decision. " federalism regime designed to interest related to the country to the federal government to deal with things, things related to local interests entrusted to local governments to deal with, while the federal government and the state government is checks and balances to ensure the central and local can be taken care of, a good deal with the relationship between the central and local governments. After two hundred years of development, federalism has entered the stage of modern federalism, "a federal system is a living system, not a once and for all, the death of the system static. With the US economic, technological, social and cultural development and change American federal system two hundred years has been changing. "Similarly, in Asia this vast land, such as India, Myanmar, the original settlers implanted by the federal system, after many years of development, combined with its own multi-ethnic and cultural identity, but also out of a different kind of flowers. 2 Their federal system, in line with the properties of multi-ethnic culture, but also in the interest of the place, so more and more popular. India and Myanmar’s ethnic complexity, religious buildings, huge language and cultural differences, coupled with the British colonial "divide and conquer" strategy rule, no doubt it is full of diverse social and disputes. But India and Myanmar freed since colonial rule and democratization progresses, the federal system of continuous improvement, although sometimes there are about poor governance capacity of central and local states battle sound, discordant, but overall, its political, economy have been tremendous development, democracy and the rule of law and constantly improve the party system continues to progress, robust political system and improve the legal system and the rise of its development into a powerful force. India and Myanmar’s federal system rooted in the soil of them, have their deep historical, cultural, social origin, starting from its own national conditions, established and run in a particular social environment, with its own characteristics. They established a federal system, unlike the American federal system, is a new federal system, with its own characteristics.After the 1980 s, India had begun to shift federal centralization decentralization of political power began to tilt the balance of federalism from the federal government to the state level of government. The main driving factors have contributed to strengthen the decentralization of the liberalization of the Indian economic reforms in 1991 after the implementation of India. Overall, the plan emphasizes the development model of centralized, highly market-oriented economic reform requires the separation of powers, the new economic and financial environment also requires the emergence of a new institutional India---- A new political and economic institutional arrangements---- corresponding. Decentralization is the result of centralization trend was reversed, and the decentralization trend has been strengthened, political autonomy and capacity development at the local level of government has been more attention. Thus, the political elite at the local level also hopes to get more freedom and more political and economic power to promote the development of the states. Under such conditions, the political elite, political parties and voters will put more attention to the development and the interests of the local level up, will strengthen regional interests and regional identity objectively strengthen political rights at the local level will improve the political elite and political parties to compete in the state, so this level of political mobilization of voters will be significantly strengthened, can be said that the rise and development of party politics in India, and India is directly related to the implementation of decentralization. Let us look at Burma, from the new government after the 2011 general elections has been established, implemented a series of enlightened Myanmar political reform, has been recognized by the majority of people at home and abroad. While there are many problems and difficulties, but Burma has had a form of democracy, beginning toward democratization direction. Federalism in India and Burma to follow the new era is not just an independent British colonists established a federal system, but has its own characteristics, in this, the author classified as Asian new federalism category.Thus, the author summarizes the connotation of the new federalism: "New Federalism" refers to the federal government to change the trend of the growing concentration of power, the power to restore the balance between the federal and the state’s federal political model. Under the new federal regimes, first of all, between the federal government and the state government is becoming more rational division of powers. Under the new federal political system, while maintaining the dominance of the federal government, while maintaining the relative independence of the state, there was not only a strong central government, and the presence of strong local government, set up in the field of power-sharing or power overlap necessary procedures and institutions to coordinate intergovernmental relations. "Federalism is a system of government, in which the system of government, the power between the central government and lower levels of government is divided. The central government has sovereignty and effective decision-making power, but low-level units, particularly the state, also has considerable power, autonomy. " Second, the federal government power and stability. National system of a country is important to maintain a stable force, once established, will not change for quite a long time. National, multicultural society and the state, all ethnic communities have recognized the legitimacy of the state, is a country well-functioning indispensable factor. New Federalism effectively solve the country’s multi-ethnic identity building in question, given its free space operations, greatly reducing the splitting off factors together, after all multinational institution building solutions. Finally, the state government high degree of freedom. According to the Federal Constitution, all levels of state government, the state government has the appropriate legislative, administrative, judicial powers. An obvious next new trend is that the federal government is trying to get state and local governments to take on more responsibilities and obligations, while reducing financial support to state and local governments, which will undoubtedly give the local government with great freedom and space.Central and local conflicts, centralization and decentralization, political and economic problems in many countries of the world have often faced. In the multi-ethnic country, the ethnic conflict, ethnic strife after another, how to solve the central and local governments, the majority and minority ethnic conflicts is even more of a challenge. All peoples recognize the legitimacy of the nation-state, is a country well-functioning essential factor. Only mutual trust in the nation, and the recognition of the national system, the party system and the basis on decentralization and diversity in order to get good protection and development. Federal, regional system, the Constitution, the government and the electoral system provides a number of institutional forms, can be effectively incorporated into a multi-ethnic harmony in the atmosphere, so that all feel and different ethnic superiority.Robert Putnam in his "Making Democracy Work" by analyzing the south of Italy, with the north under the same democratic system, but the gap between operational performance significantly, based on trust between the northern community social capital is much stronger than people South, civil society developed, the degree of local autonomy and political participation enthusiasm is also higher than the south. "Stock of social capital, such as trust, norms and networks, often self-reinforcing and can be cumulative. Virtuous cycle will produce social equilibrium, the formation of a high level of cooperation, trust, reciprocity, civic engagement and collective welfare." "Social capital " how much influence can not be separated, although history and culture, but the government, nurturing place will undoubtedly also increase a region’s " social capital ", and decentralization of local self-government will largely motivate local people. Thus, "Make Democracy Work" to a certain extent is also " Make the place work."...