| Maize is one of the main grain crops in the hilly area of central Sichuan basin. However its spring maize production is constrained by low temperature and drought during the early growth stage, and its plough layer soil is shallow, ability of retain soil water to preserve soil moisture is short. Plastic film mulching is an effective practice to improve soil temperature, soil water content in rain-fed farming area, ridge tillage cultivation can increase the thickness of soil layer, create a good environment for the growth of crops root system, ridge-furrow cultivation has the good effect of rainwater harvesting, has been widely used in drought and rainless area. To this end, a field experiment was conducted with the aim to research the effects of different ridging and mulching measures on soil physic-chemical property and spring maize yield, explore the influence of ridging and mulching technology to spring maize yield formation mechanism, provide the theoretical basis for maize high-yield cultivation in rianfed area. The trial was a random block design with 3 replications and 6 treatments which included ridge planting with plastic film mulching (LM), flat planting with plastic film mulching (PM),ridge-furrow planting with plastic film mulching(GM),ridge planting with no plastic film mulching (LC), flat planting with no plastic film mulching (PC), ridge-furrow planting with no plastic film mulching (GC).and through two-years field experiment, soil water content, soil temperature, soil bulk density, soil capillary porosity soil nutrient and spring maize yield were detected. The results showed that:1. Ridging and mulching had a significantly effect on soil water content. Film mulching significantly improved soil water contentr during maize seedling and jointing stage. Compared with no plastic film mulching treatment, in seedling stage, soil water content of film mulching treatment in 0-10 cm,10-20 cm,20-40 cm layer increased by an average of 12.0%,4.7%,6.7% respectively; In the jointing stage, its soil water content in 0-10 cm soil layer increased by an average of 11.3%; In the trumpet stage, its soil water content in each soil layer all decreased; difference among treatments in soil water content had decreased after uncovered mulch. Ridge planting significantly improved the soil water storage capacity of top layer, obviously improved soil water content in 10-20cmlayer, especially LM treatment obviously improved soil water content in 0-20 cm layer during seedling and jointing stage. Ridge-furrow planting could promote increase of deep soil water, obviously improved soil water content in 40-60 cm layer before uncovered mulch, especially GM treatment.2. Ridging and mulching had a significantly effect on soil temperature during the early growth stage. Film mulching obviously improved soil temperature in maize growing stage, especially in early growth stage. Compared with no plastic film mulching treatment, seedling and jointing stage in 2014,soil temperature of film mulching treatment in 5 cm,15 cm layer increased1.0? and 0.5?,1.1? and 0.5? respectively; in2015,its increased 2.2? and 1.5?,1.5? and 1.1? respectively as well. In 2015, there were more apparent differences between different cultivation measures in the average soil temperature, ridge planting obviously improved the soil temperature in 5 cm layer, especially LM treatment performed best, ridge-furrow planting obviously decreased temperature in 5 cm conversely; LM treatment significantly increased 15 cm layer soil temperature in the early stage, LC treatment was just the opposite, and soil temperature of ridge-furrow planting was always below flat planting. LM and PM treatment could slow down the losing of soil temperature; GM and GC treatment significantly reduced the soil temperature, especially GC treatment had the smallest and lowest temperature variations in soil temperature.3. Film mulching significantly increased soil available phosphorus, organic matter content in surface layer and soil available nitrogen, available potassium in 20-40 cm, increased by an average of 41.9%,20.3%and 37.5%,40.3%, compared to no film mulching respectively. LM treatment significantly increased soil available nitrogen, available potassium and 0-10 cm soil available phosphorus and organic matter content, ridge-furrow planting significantly reduced soil available nitrogen, organic matter content and 10-20 cm available potassium content. Film mulching significantly decreased soil total nitrogen content, but significantly increased total phosphorus and total potassium content, increased by 21.5% and 21.5% compared to no film mulching respectively; LM treatment significantly improved 0-20 cm total nitrogen and 10-40 cm total phosphorus and 0-10 cm total potassium, ridge-furrow planting significantly decreased 0-20 cm total nitrogen and 10-40 cm total phosphorus, but significantly increased 10-40 cm total potassium.4. Ridge planting clearly reduced soil bulk density, increased capillary porosity; trumpet and maturity stage in 2014, compared with flat planting, its soil bulk density decreased by 10.4% and 2.7% in 0-0 cm,6.4% and 9.1% in 10-20 cm, soil capillary porosity increased by 18.0%and 6.4% in 10-20 cm soil layer respectively, especially LM treatment's soil capillary porosity was significantly higher than the rest treatments. In 2015,there were not significant differences between the treatments, but 0-10 cm soil bulk density of ridge planting in maturity was still inferior to flat planting; ridge planting and ridge-furrow planting all significantly improved soil capillary porosity in 10-20 cm soil layer, in the trumpet increased by 1.9% and 5.3%, in the maturity increased by 19.8% and 23.2% than the flat planting respectively.5. Compared with no plastic film mulching treatment, film mulching treatment significantly improved maize ear diameter, grains per spike,100-grains weight, and reduced barren tip, and its maize yield increased by an average of 40.6% and 19.1% in 2014 and 2015 respectively. The effects of different cultivation measures on maize ear traits and yield depended on mulching or not. In 2014, when under mulching, ridge planting significantly improved the grains per spike, reduced the barren tip, and its maize yield increased by 2.2% compared with flat planting; to the contrary, its yield decreased by 15.0%. In 2015, yield of ridge planting were higher than flat planting, but no significant difference between them. Ridge-furrow planting all significantly reduced the grains per spike, improved the barren tip, yield decreased by an average of 17.6% and 22.9% in 2014 and 2015 respectively whether mulching or not. The results indicated that film mulching could improve maize yield by increasing the early soil temperature and soil water content and improving the soil physical-chemical structure, and the LM performed best, therefore, ridge planting with plastic film mulching should be applied to high-yield cultivation of maize in the hilly area of central Sichuan basin. |
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