| In order to achieve high yield and stable production of wheat,this studyinvestigated the effect of different tillage and application of organic fertilizerto provide a theoretical basis for high yield wheat production at the basis of pre-positioning test in the village of Chencao Village,Xuchang County,Henan Province.Bainong 207 was used as wheat cultivarunder corn straw returning into field in 2015-2016.There were six treatments,namely deep tillage,shallow tillage,no-tillage,deep tillage and application of organic fertilizer,shallow tillage and application of organic fertilizer,no-tillage and application of organic fertilizer.Six treatmentswere setted to investigate the improvement of soil structure,the regulation of water and fertilizer distribution and the growth of root system under different tillage and application of organic fertilizer.The relationship between plough layer and canopy was studied by multivariate statistics and path analysis.Supply of plough layersoil andproductivity of canopy were reflected in the growth of winter wheat high yield cultivation technology to provide a useful reference.The main conclusions are as follows:1.The difference of soil structure and water content was significant under different tillage and application of organic fertilizer.Soil bulk density was the lowestunder deep tillagetreatment of wintering stage,shallow tillage + application of organic fertilizer treatmentof jointing stage,deep tillage + application of organic fertilizer treatment of flowering stageand maturity stage,which was significantiy different from that of other treatments(P<0.05).In addition to the 20-40 cm soil layer of winteringand the 0-20 cm soil layer of mature,soil water content was the highest underdeep tillage+ application of organic fertilizer treatmentfrom wintering to maturity stage,which was significantiy different from that of other treatments(P<0.05).2.The application of organic fertilizer could improve the soil fertility and the nutrient content of soil.In 0-20 cm soil layer,soil organic mattercontent wassignificantly higher than that in other treatments undershallow tillage + application of organic fertilizer treatmentfrom wintering to maturity period(P<0.05).In 20-40 cm soil layer,soil organic mattercontentwassignificantly higher than that in other treatments under no-tillage + application of organic fertilizer treatment at wintering and flowering stage(P<0.05).It was beneficial to accumulation of available P for no-tillage(application of organic fertilizer treatment)of 0-20 cm soil layer and deep tillage + application of organic fertilizer treatment of 20-40 cm and 40-60 cm soil layer.At wintering stage,the urease activity was significantly higherthan that in other treatmentsunder no-tillage + application of organic fertilizer treatment(P<0.05);the urease activity was the highestfrom jointing to maturity stageunder deep tillage + application of organic fertilizer treatment.Sucrase activity was significantly higherthan that in other treatmentsunder shallow tillage + application of organic fertilizer treatmentof winteringand maturity stage anddeep tillage + application of organic fertilizer treatment of jointing and flowering stage(P<0.05).3.The application of organic fertilizer could promote growth of wheat and increase photosynthetic rate of canopy.Leaf area indexwas significantly higherthan that in other treatments undershallow tillage + application of organic fertilizer(P<0.05).Application of organic fertilizer could increasethe anglebetween leaf and main stemfrom top to bottom and reducemutual occlusion between leaves,the effect on leaf angle was the most significantatshallow tillage and deep tillage treatment under application of organic fertilizer.Leaf SPAD value and fluorescence parameters were highunderapplication of organic fertilizer,which could delay leaf senescence and prolong the leaf photosynthetic time,especially shallow tillage and deep tillage treatment under application of organic fertilizer were the most significant.Breaking resistance reduced and lodging index increased,the lodging resistance was the best at milky stage,and that at mature stage was the worst with the growth period;lodging resistance in the treatment of deep tillage and application of organic fertilizer was better than the others,then was shallow tillage and application of organic fertilizer.4.The application of organic fertilizer could increase spike length and the number of effective spikelets per spike,improve the total grain weight of per spike and yield of wheat,and shallow tillage and application of organic fertilizer treatment was the highest among different treatments(P <0.05).5.The application of organic fertilizer couldincrease dry matter accumulation of plant canopy and underground root system,improve nitrogen accumulation of plant and soil total nitrogen content,and enhance net photosynthetic rate and root respiration rate.Shallow tillage + application of organic fertilizer treatmentwas beneficial todry matter accumulation of leaf and culm and increasethe dry matter accumulation of spikein maturity stage;dry matter accumulation ofspikewas significantly higher than that in other treatments underdeep tillage + application of organic fertilizer of maturity stage(P <0.05).Root dry matter accumulation was the highestin 0-20 cm soil layerunder no-tillage + application of organic fertilizer treatment,20-40 cm soil layerunder shallow tillage + application of organic fertilizer treatment and 40-60 cm soil layer under deep tillage + application of organic fertilizer at floweringandmaturity stage,which was significantiy different from that of other treatments(P <0.05).Total nitrogen accumulation of leaf and spike nitrogen under shallow tillage + application of organic fertilizer treatment was the highest among different treatments(P<0.05),total nitrogen content was the highestin 0-20 cm soil layer.Total nitrogen contentwas significantly higherthan that in other treatments under no-tillage + application of organic fertilizer treatment(P<0.05).Net photosynthetic rate of flag leaf was high and root respiration rate was low,the ratio of carbon to plant was higher than that of root system,and root efficiency was the highest.6.Indifferent tillage and application of organic fertilizer,there was a significant difference betweensoil bulk density and porosity(P<0.05),there was a significant correlation between soil nutrient,enzyme activity and root biomass and soil bulk density and porosity(P<0.05);the results of multiple regression analysis and path analysis showed that soil urease activity and root dry matter accumulation were beneficial to the growth of plant height,the certain range of soil water content and bulk density could promote leaf growth,increase leaf area index,improvingof soil water content could affect leaf angle index and improve leaf angle,improve thedifferent levels of light receiving rateof canopy,net photosynthetic rate of flag leaf was the most affect by the urease activity,the direct effect of Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters which waseffected by soil enzyme activity and root dry matter accumulation. |
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