| The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ad libitum feeding of piglets with Bacillus subtilis fermented liquid feed on production performance and intestinal health from 7 days to 31 days.12 litters of 7-day-old suckling piglets were randomly divided into treatment group and control group.The suckling piglets in treatment group and control group were fed with Bacillus subtilis fermented liquid feed and Bacillus subtilis pellet feed from the age of 7 days,weaned at the age of 21 days and then went on feeding to the age of 31 days,respectively.During the lactation,all sows were fed the same lactation diet.In the morning of the age of 32 days,all the weaned piglets were weighed,and one piglet with a nearly average weight was selected from each litters.Blood was collected from the jugular vein and serum was collected for biochemical analysis.When piglets were sacrificed without pain,and then cut open abdominal cavity quickly.The intestinal contents were collected,and used for the analysis of intestinal microbes and the differential metabolites of intestinal contents.The results showed those:1.The average daily gain of piglets aged from 7 to 31 days in treatment group was lower than that in control group,while the diarrhea rate in treatment group was higher than that in control group,but there were no significant difference(P>0.05),respectively.The level of IL-6 in the serum of treatment group was significantly higher than that in control group(P<0.01),while the levels of glucose,cholesterol,triglyceride,high density lipoprotein,low density lipoprotein,IL-1β and TNF-α had no significant difference between the two groups in the serum(P>0.05).2.The Shannon index of bacteria in the jejunal and colonic contents of treatment group was lower than that of control group,but there was no significant difference between two groups(P>0.05).The Shannon index of fungi in the jejunal and colonic contents of treatment group was higher than that of control group,but there was no significant difference between two groups(P>0.05).The dominant bacteria of the two groups in phylum level and genus level in the jejunum and colon both were Firmicutes and Lactobacillus,respectively,but there were no significant difference between two groups(P>0.05).Streptococcus,Peptostreptococcaceae_uncultured,Clostridium_sensu_stricto,Bacteroides and Flavobacterium in the jejunal contents of treatment group were significantly or extremely significantly lower than those of control group(P<0.01 or P<0.05).Pseudobutyrivibrio,Lachnospiraceae_unclassified,Erysipelotrichaceae_unclassified,Ruminococcus,Clostridiales_unclassified,and Lachnospiraceae_uncultured in the colonic contents of treatment group were significantly or extremely significantly higher than those of control group(P<0.01 or P<0.05).Mogibacterium and Collinsella were significantly lower in the colonic contents of treatment group than those of control group(P<0.05).In the jejunal and colonic contents,the dominant fungi in phylum level and genus level between two groups both were ascomycota and Kazachstania,respectively,but there were no significant difference between them(P>0.05).Fungi_unclassified in the colonic contents of treatment group was significantly lower than that of control group(P<0.05).3.There were 16 different metabolites in the jejunal contents between treatment group and control group.The levels of 3-hydroxypropionic acid and orotic acid in the jejunum contents of treatment group were significantly higher than those of control group(P<0.05).In the jejunal contents,the levels of glycine,2-hydroxybutyric acid,putrescine,N-acetyl-D galactosamine,beta-alanine,trehalose,tetracosanoic acid,spermidine,arachidonic acid,guanine,piperidine Acid,ornithine,D-barrageenol and unknown metabolites of treatment group were significantly or extremely significantly lower than those of control group(P<0.01 or P<0.05).There were 13 different metabolites in the colonic contents between treatment group and control group.The levels of sophorose and stigmasterol in the colonic contents of treatment group were significantly higher than those of control group(P<0.05).The levels of succinic acid,D-glycine acid,glutamic acid,β-alanine,3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid,aspartic acid,pyruvate,sucrose,honey disaccharide,5-hydroxyproline and gluconic acid in the colonic contents of treatment group were significantly or extremely significantly lower than those of control group(P<0.01 or P<0.05).The pH value of colonic contents in treatment group was significantly lower than that in control group(P<0.05).The levels of lactic acid in the jejunal and colonic contents of treatment group were extremely significantly higher than those in control group(P<0.01).The levels of lithocholic acid in the jejunal contents of treatment group were extremely significantly higher than those of control group(P<0.01),while the levels of cholic acid in the jejunal contents of treatment group were significantly higher than those of control group(P<0.05).In the colonic contents,the levels of goose deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid in treatment group were extremely significantly higher than those in control group(P<0.01).In summary,compared with the control group,piglets at 7 to 31 days of age ad libitum feeding Bacillus subtilis fermented liquid feed reduced the intestinal bacterial diversity,improved the intestinal fungal diversity and the levels of 3-hydroxypropionic acid,orotic acid,lactic acid,deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid in the intestinal contents,improve the levels of interleukin-6 in the serum,increase the incidence of diarrhea in piglets. |
