| It is well known that rainfed agriculture has achieved remarkable results and has been widely applied in semi-arid areas of China.In addition,our laboratory members have researched rainfed agriculture technology and have achieved satisfactory results in semi-arid areas of Kenya,Africa.However,is it ok for using rainfed agriculture in semi-arid areas of Pakistan? Can it also increase maize yields and improve soil properties? Is it possible to increase WUE? Therefore,we test on rainfed agriculture technology in Sargoda,Pakistan.1)The experiment was conducted in the two growing seasons(2015.8-2015.12 and 2016.10-2017.3)through four maize varieties(Funong,Fangyu,Champion and High 11 corn plus),and have six different ways of planting: 1)Ridge and furrow with black film mulching(RB);2)Ridge and furrow with transparent film mulching(RT);3)Ridge and furrow with grass mulching(RG);4)Ridge and Furrow with Transparent Film Mulching on Ridge(RTR);5)Ridge and Furrow with no covering(R);6)No ridges and films(CK).The experiment was measured plant height,stem diameter,leaf area,grain yield,biomass,water use efficiency,soil temperature,soil water storage and physical and chemical properties of maize.The main results are as follows:(1)Rainfed agriculture technology had a significant effect on improving plant height,stem diameter and leaf area of maize.In the first growing season,we tested the plant height,stem diameter and leaf area that was not significant,and RT was still increasing the temperature of the soil under high temperature conditions.However,in the second growing season,the plant height,stem diameter and leaf area of maize were significantly improved in the case of low temperature,and the advantages of RT,RB and RG were the most significant.(2)Rainfed agriculture technology has a significant effect on improving maize grain yield,biomass and water use efficiency.Under the two growing seasons,Rainfed agriculture technology could improve the grain yield,biomass and water use efficiency of maize.In first growing season,biomasses of RB,RT,RG,RTR and R were respectively increased by 75.33%,35.78%,45.43%,48.70% and 25.55% than CK.Grain yields of RB,RT,RG,RTR and R were respectively increased by 63.50%,53.75%,49.58%,40.14% and 25.14% than CK,Biomass WUE of RB,RT,RG,RTR and R were respectively increased by 115.03%,62.43%,61.85%,72.88% and 39.76% than CK.Grain yields WUE of RB,RT,RG,RTR and R was respectively increased by 102.67%,83.06%,65.97%,62.34% and 38.46% than CK.In the second growing season,biomass of RB,RT,RG,RTR and R were respectively increased by 82.00%,93.34%,56.63%,45.61% and 38.77% than CK.The grain yield of RB,RT,RG,RTR and R were respectively increased by 87.35%,91.83%,65.13%,24.80% and 11.53% than CK.Biomass WUE of RB,RT,RG,RTR and R were respectively increased by 114.22%,157.85%,71.00%,62.12% and 42.24% than CK.Grain yields WUE of RB,RT,RG,RTR and R were respectively increased by 124.77%,154.00%,82.82%,41.64% and 16.48% than CK.And we found that the biomass,grain yield,and water use efficiency was increased under rainfed agriculture technology.But biomass,grain yield,and water use efficiency in the second growing season is higher than the first growing season.(3)Combining the results of two growing seasons,we found that rainfed agriculture technology had a significant effect on improving maize grain yield,biomass and water use efficiency.Biomasses of RB,RT,RG,RTR and R were respectively increased by 78.5%,63.0%,50.7%,47.2% and 31.8% than CK.Grain yields of RB,RT,RG,RTR and R were respectively increased by 75.1%,72.3%,57.1%,32.7% and 18.5% than CK.Biomass WUE of RB,RT,RG,RTR and R were respectively increased by 114.6%,116.2%,67.0%,66.8% and 41.2% than CK.Grain yield WUE of RB,RT,RG,RTR and R were respectively increased by 115.4%,123.9%,75.7%,50.4% and 25.8% than CK.(4)Rainfed agriculture technology can shorten the growth period,and leading to the effect of leaf N and P under different planting patterns at the same time point.With the growth of maize,the results showed that total leaf N and P showed a decreasing trend under six different planting.During the first growing season,the total nitrogen and total phosphorus of RG were lower than other groups,and During the second growing season,the effects of total leaf N and P of RT and RB were lower than other groups.(5)Rainfed agriculture technology has a significant correlation to improve soil temperature.Soil temperatures of RT and RB were the most obvious,and soil temperatures of RT and RB were increased by 1.98 ℃ and-0.98 ℃ than CK in the first growing season.In the second growing season,the temperature was relatively low at this stage,but soil temperatures of RT and RB were respectively increased by 3.1 ℃ and 2.1 ℃ than CK.(6)Rainfed agriculture technology has a significant effect on improving soil water storage.The rainfall is 230 ml in the first growing season andn is 172 ml in the second growing seaso.In the two growing seasons,the order of RT-RB-RG-RTR-R-CK appeared from high to low in soil water storage.Soil water storage of RB,RT,RG,RTR and R than CK were increased by 31.4mm,36.2mm,20.5mm,18.1mm and 10.9mm than CK.(7)Rainfed agriculture technology has a certain influence on improving SOC,STN,STP and their proportion.Compared with before sowing,SOC decreased at different levels in the first and second growing season.The order of SOC was RG-RT-RB-RTR-R-CK from high to low during the second growing season.But RG,RT,RB,RTR and R is not obvious.During the end of the first growing season,STN of CK and R was higher than other groups,but during the second growing season,STN of RG was higher than other groups.During the period of the end of the first and second growing season,STP decreased at different levels for the six planting methods.Different ridge mulching methods can alter the loss of SOC,STN and STP.Rainfed agriculture technology can balance SOC,STN,STP and other nutrient status what improve soil physical and chemical properties.And covering the straw can increase the nutrient of soil.2)Effect of the morphological and physiological indexes of maize under drought and re-water.That experiment was studied by drought and re-water under five different treatments which can serve field trials.Based on the above analysis,we can understand that drought stress can affect the water consumption,plant height,stem diameter,leaf weight,leaf area,grain yield,biomass and other morphological indexes of potted maize.(8)The water consumption,plant height,stem diameter,leaf weight,Leaf area,grain yield,biomass showed no significant difference or decreasing trend in seedling,jointing and maturity.(9)For the flowering period,there was no obvious change in water consumption through different drought and water treatment.But grain yield firstly increased and decreased,the maximum value in the 6 days.For Fangyu,grain yields of 3 days,6 days,9 days and 12 days were respectively increased by 2.55%,10.59%,-1.40% and-11.47% than CK,and WUE of grain yield reached the maximum at 3 days,that of 3 days,6 days,9 days and 12 days were respectivelyincreased by 0.22 g/kg,0.3 g/kg,0.28 g/kg and-0.08 g/kg than CK.For Funong,grain yields of 3 days,6 days,9 days and 12 days were respectively increased by 4.87%,1.91%,5.76% and 1.00% than CK,and WUE of grain yield were respectively increased by 12.64 g/kg,52.49 g/kg,-6.92 g/kg and-56.86 g/kg than CK.In the flowering period,there is a tendency to reduce water consumption.(10)The activity of soluble sugar content,soluble protein content,free proline content,ABA content,POD,SOD and CAT were decreased under drought,but that will be increased under re-water.For different growing periods,the results are not the same as well as different times of drought treatment. |
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