Effects Of Long-term Different Fertilization Treatments In Red Soil On Degradation Of ¹³C-labeled Maize Straw And Related Microbes

The objectives of this paper were to explore the effects of long-term organic and inorganic fertilizer on the degradation rate of ¹³C straw,¹³C cellulose and ¹³C lignin and the related microbial communities in these processes in a red soil.Soil samples were collected from 3 treatments(i.e.no fertilizer treatment,CK;inorganic fertilizer treatment?NPK?and combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers treatment?NPKM?in Qingyang Long-term Fertilization Experiment Station which was builted in 1990.The separation of DNA heavy and light carbon were used DNA stable isotope probing.Structure and abundance of bacterial and fungi communities were analyzed with Iron Torrent and real-time quantitative PCR?q PCR?,respectively.Microbial respiration,soil enzymes and soil properties were also measured.The main findings are as follows:1.Long-term application of fertilizer had changed soil p H and soil properties and the function of microbial community.Application of organic fertilizer increased the abundance of bacterial and fungi communities.Then inorganic fertilizer just increased the abundance of fungi community.2.Redundancy analysis shows that after straw added into soil,phenol oxidase were significantly correlated with the structure of bacterial community while microbial respiration,glucosidase,cellobiohydrolase and phenol oxidase were significantly correlated with the structure of fungi community.The microbial arrangement of the fertilization treatment on the ability of straw degradation is as follows.In the non-fertilization treatment,Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes was the main bacterial plylumandSphingomonadales,Xanthomonadales,Burkholderiales,Sphingobacterialesand Alphaproteobacteria_incertae_sedis was the main bacterial order for the degradation of straw,at the same time,Ascomycota was the main fungi plylum and Sordariales was the main fungiorder for the degradation of straw.In the fertilizer treatment,Actinobacteria and Chloroflexi was the main bacterial plylum and Xanthomonadales,Actinomycetalesand Ktedonobacterales was the main bacterial order for the degradation of straw,at the same time,Ascomycota was the main fungi plylum and Hypocreales,Eurotiales was the main fungiorder for the degradation of straw.In the organic fertilizer treatment,Proteobacteriawasthemainbacterialplylumand Xanthomonadales,Actinomycetales,Sphingomonadales,Burkholderiales and Alphaproteobacteria_incertae_sedis was the main bacterial order for the degradation of straw,at the same time,Ascomycota was the main fungi plylum and Sordariales was the main fungi order for the degradation of straw.3.Redundancy analysis shows soil added cellulose microbial respiration,glucosidase and phenol oxidase were significantly correlated with the structure of bacterial community while microbial respiration,glucosidase and cellobiohydrolase were significantly correlated with the structure of fungi community.The microbial arrangement of the fertilization treatment on the ability of cellulose degradation is as follows.In the non-fertilization treatment,Bacteroidetes Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria was the main bacterial plylum and Sphingobacteriales,Actinomycetales,Burkholderiales,Granulicella and Rhizobiales was the main bacterial order for the degradation of cellulose,at the same time,Ascomycota was the main fungi plylum and Eurotiales,Ascomycota_unidentified₁ Sordariales and Sordariomycetes_unidentified was the main fungi order for the degradation of cellulose.In the fertilizer treatment,Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria was the main bacterial plylum and Burkholderiales,Actinobacteria,Xanthomonadales,Terriglobus and Sphingomonadales was the main bacterial order for the degradation of cellulose,at the same time,Ascomycota was the main fungi plylum and Eurotiales was the main fungi order for the degradation of cellulose.In the organic fertilizer treatment,Bacteroidetes,Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria was the main bacterial plylum and Sphingobacteriales,Actinomycetales,Burkholderiales and Rhizobiales was the main bacterial order for the degradation of cellulose,at the same time,Ascomycota was the main fungi plylum and Sordariales,Ascomycota_unidentified₁ was the main fungi order for the degradation of cellulose.4.Redundancy analysis shows soil lignin glucosidase and cellobiohydrolase were significantly correlated with the structure of bacterial community while microbial respiration,glucosidase,cellobiohydrolase and phenol oxidase were significantly correlated with the structure of fungi community.The microbial arrangement of the fertilization treatment on the ability of lignin degradation is as follows.In the non-fertilization treatment,Actinobacteria,Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes was the main bacterial plylum and Actinomycetales,Burkholderiales,Sphingobacteriales,Xanthomonadales and Granulicella was the main bacterial order for the degradation of lignin,at the same time,Ascomycota was the main fungi plylum and Helotiales,Hypocreales and Eurotiales was the main fungi order for the degradation of lignin.In the fertilizer treatment,Actinobacteria was the main bacterial plylum and Actinomycetales,Sphingomonadales,Burkholderiales,Granulicella,Acidimicrobiales,Telmatobacter,Chromatiales,Xanthomonadales,Acidipila and Terriglobus was the main bacterial order for the degradation of lignin,at the same time,Ascomycota was the main fungi plylum and Pleosporales,Sordariales was the main fungi order for the degradation of lignin.In the organic fertilizer treatment,Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria was the main bacterial plylum and Sphingobacteriales,Actinomycetales,Burkholderiales and Telmatobacter was the main bacterial order for the degradation of lignin,at the same time,Ascomycota and Zygomycota was the main fungi plylum and Hypocreales,Sordariales and Ascomycota_unidentified₁ was the main fungi order for the degradation of lignin.