| A variety of bags like,paper bags,plastic film bags and liquid film fruit bags are being used as the main methods of apple bagging technology at present in China.These methods have a lot of disadvantages such as complicated procedures,high costs and intrinsic quality of fruit in the paper bags and plastic film bags.However,the liquid film fruit bags as a newly fruit bag,had improved the fruit intrinsic quality and already become the main method to replace the paper bag and the plastic film bag.The research on the liquid film fruit bag is still in infancy stage in fruit trees,and less and non-systemically use in apples industry.The instant studies on two apple(Malus pumila Mill.)cultivars Yuhuazaofu or Nagafu 2 were conducted at different ecological zones of Qianyang,Qianxian,Xunyi and Luochuan by spraying different concentrations of lipid-membranes to form liquid film bags.The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the liquid film bags on apple fruit quality and aroma.The main findings are as follows:1.Liquid film bags from lipid-membranes improved the external quality of apple fruit and varied with varieties and ecological regions.Under similar ecological conditions(Qianyang and Qianxian),the external quality of the fruit could be improved through spraying different concentrations of lipid-membranes.The best effects of coloring rate,redness and greenness(a*),yellowness and blueness(b*),saturation(C),and anthocyanin contents were present in treatment of 400-fold dilution of lipid-membranes in treatment(T2).The effects of coloring rate,a*,b*,chlorophyll a,chlorophyll b,carotenoids and anthocyanins contents of Nagafu 2 were superior to those of Yuhuazaofu.Liquid film bags could resulted different effect on the external quality of Nagafu 2 and varied with ecological regions.The average level of fruit brightness(L*),chlorophyll b content,and carotenoid content in different ecological regions were ranked in the following order: Xunyi > Qianxian> Luochuan.The average effects of a*,b*,C* and anthocyanin content in different ecological regions were ranked as follows: Qianxian> Luochuan> Xunyi.The average content of fruit anthocyanin content in the treatment of liquid film bags was higher than treated by paper bags(CK2)under different ecological regions.The average contents of chlorophyll a,chlorophyll b and carotenoids were increased by the treatment of liquid film bags than unbagged treatments(CK1)and paper bags(CK2)in Qianxian and Luochuan regions.Correlation analysis of skin pigments showed that there was a significantly positive correlation between anthocyanin and chlorophyll a content.And extremely significant positive correlation between chlorophyll a,chlorophyll b and carotenoids content.2.Liquid film bags improved the intrinsic quality of apple fruit and varied with varieties and ecological regions.Treatment of liquid film bags increased the content of soluble sugar and vitamin C,and reduced the titratable acid content of apple fruit in the Yuhuazaofu and Nagafu 2 compared with paper bags treatment(CK2).The soluble sugar and titratable acid contents of fruit in Nagafu 2 were higher than that in Yuhuazaofu,and the best effects of most indicators related with improving intrinsic quality presence in T2.Liquid film bags resulted different effects on the intrinsic quality of Nagafu 2 and varied with ecological regions.The soluble solids,soluble sugar and vitamin C contents of fruit were increased and the titratable acid content was reduced by treated the liquid film bags,compared with paper bags treatment(CK2)under three regions(except Luochuan’s vitamin C content).After treated by the treatment of liquid film bags,the average level of soluble sugar and titratable acid contents in fruit were ranked as follows: Qianxian ≥ Luochuan> Xunyi.The average level of soluble solids and vitamin C contents were ranked as follows: Luochuan> Qianxian.The contents of soluble sugar and vitamin C in the unbagged(CK1)fruits were ranked as follows: Xunyi> Luochuan> Qianxian and the contents of soluble solids and vitamin C in fruit(except Qianxian’s vitamin C content)were highest in T2 treatment.3.Liquid film bags affected the functional nutrients(flavonoids and polyphenols)of apple fruit and varied with varieties and ecological regions.The contents of flavonoids and polyphenols in the Yuhuazaofu and Nagafu 2 fruits gradually decreased with the fruit development.The average level of flavonoids and polyphenols contents in fruits treated with liquid film bags were significantly higher in CK1 than CK2.The contents of flavonoids and polyphenols in Nagafu 2 were higher than that in Yuhuazaofu,and the contents of functional nutrients in T2 treatment were the highest.Liquid film bags could resulted different effect on the functional nutrients of Nagafu 2 and varied with ecological regions.The contents of functional nutrients in CK1 fruit were ranked as follows: Qianxian> Luochuan> Xunyi and the contents of flavonoids and polyphenols were increased by 80.50 % and 149.62 % at T2 in Xunyi,respectively compared with the CK2.Liquid film bags treatment increased the contents of flavonoids and polyphenols in apple fruit under different ecological regions.The contents of functional nutrients were ranked as follows: lipid-membranes liquid film bags treatment > unbagging treatment > bagging treatment.The average effects of flavonoids and polyphenol contents in fruit bags treated with liquid film bags were ranked as follows: Qianxian > Luochuan > Xunyi.Overall,the contents of functional nutrients such as fruit flavonoids and polyphenols were best with T2 treatment.4.16 Indicators related to fruit quality were analyzed by principal component analysis and comprehensive score.The results showed that the lipid-membranes liquid film fruit bags were increased the contents of secondary metabolites(anthocyanin,flavonoids and polyphenols)and improved the flavor of the fruit.Both paper bags and liquid film bags were affected the ranking of vitamin C content,saturation C,anthocyanin content,red green degree a*,and yellow blue degree b*.Moreover,the comprehensive scores of water content,vitamin C content,anthocyanin content,b*,and flavonoids content in the lipid-membranes(T)treatment were all higher than those in the control.5.SPME(solid-phase microextraction)as a pre-processing method,composition and content of apple fruit aromas was determined by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry.The proportion of esters,aldehydes and acids in aroma substances was enormous,and the content was ranked as follow: esters> acids> aldehydes(except for fruit treated by liquid film bags in Luochuan region).The total amount of aroma substances was higher in lipid-membranes liquid film bags than that of CK2.This study revealed the physiological mechanism associated with external and intrinsic quality,aroma components,and functional nutritional quality of apple fruit through lipid-membranes liquid film fruit bags.Lipid-membranes liquid film bags improved the flavor and external quality and increased the content of functional nutrients of the fruit,especially in the improvement of fruit aroma and functional nutrients(flavonoids,total phenols)contents in the outstanding performance.Moreover,the instant studies also provided technical support for the development of liquid film fruit bags. |
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