A Study On The Group Of Military Officers In The Southern Ming(1644-1662)

This paper consists of several parts:The introduction analyses status quo of this study,summarizes the shortcomings of current academic achievements,expounds the meaning of the study,and illustrates the research ideas and defines the concept of general groups.Chapter One focuses on the geographical distribution of the Southern Ming military officers,explores the relationship between the rise of which group and different regional geographical environments,physical resources and the transfer of the route against Qing regime.The author thinks that the overall geographical distribution of the Southern Ming military officers is more in the south,where senior governors whose origin was literati captured most;and less in the north,where Zongbing(??)whose origin was the ranks captured most.In addition to the historical background of Ming-Qing war and the peasant revolt,different geographical resources,economic level,academic culture and social development of the grass-roots level are internal factors influencing the results,add the"haircuts act"occurred accidentally,eventually decided the distribution of the Southern Ming military officers.Chapter Two classifies family status of the Southern Ming military officers.Examining the internal connection among family status,strategic knowledge sources and promotion speed.The author thinks that the better social background a general has,the easier for him to stand out.By comparison,the generals who has no social background cannot be compared with the former in survival,education and securing official position.And only who is brave and battlewise or brilliant can show up prominently in a short time.Chapter Three analyses the complex power struggle among the military officers and the emperor and civil officials.Firstly,the author discusses the relationship between the military officers and the emperor,thinking that the pattern between both develop from cooperation to strife.The generals endeavor to be kingmaker presents the cooperation,while different interests and strategic objectives leads to strife.Secondly,the author detailed the process of civilian and military conflict in the Southern Ming.Pointing out the conflict resulted from mass uprising in Late Ming and Manchuria rising.General groups obtained higher status in the war,which caused the force of state's redistribution.Such as the contradiction between the Ching-Liu(??)School and the Zongbing of border town in Late Ming.Besides,from the point of the times,the sources and space condition supporting the Southern Ming are not enough so that failure is inevitable.What's worse,the relationship's deteriorating among the military officers and the emperor and civil officials aggravated the speed of the transfer of sovereignty.Chapter Four analyses the choice of general groups in the Southern Ming.Firstly,the author divides the deeds into six kinds according to character of whom died for the sake of the Southern Ming and does separate discussion.Secondly,the author discusses the treatment of surrendered generals and their historic influence on Qing Regime's unification.The author thinks,the process of general groups' surrender is also a process of Qing Army's push southwards and conquest of China.After general groups' surrender,the Ching court gave different grant and promotion to them according to everyone's contribution.But in the same time,the Ching court kept a tight grip on them.While,some ones who are not pleased with the arrangement betrayed again.The peroration makes a further summary of the above.