| Zhang Zai(AD 1020-1077),is a famous philosopher in the Northern Song Dynasty,the founder of the Guan,the world known as Mr.Heng Qu.He studied the Confucian classics,then studied the book of Taoists and Buddhism,and finally return to the book of Confucian.His main works of philosophy is "ZhengMeng" and "The study of Yi".His works and quotations were compiled by the Ming Dynasty scholar Lv Nan and Shen Zizhang.In 1978,his all works were co-edited for "Zhang Zai Ji".Zhang is one of the founder of the neo-confucianism in Song dynasty.The birth of the neo-confucianism in Song dynasty is the combined results of Confucian,Buddhism and Taoist school.Like most of the Song Dynasty Neo Confucianism,Zhang adopted the Buddhist and Taoist ideas,and criticize their thoughts.Finally,he formed his own ideas which is called "the metaphysical theory of Qi".He criticized the ontology and the attitude toward life and death of Buddhism and Taoist.Through the explanation of"Qi" and "emptiness" and the relationship between them,Zhang criticized the ontology of "the body" and "use","have" and "no" of ideas of Buddhism and Taoist.Through the "gasification" theory,Zhang proved that all life and death is only the operation and performance of "Qi",and criticized the ideas about life and death of Buddhism and Taoism.Zhang Zai's understanding of the origin of the world is "Tai Xu is Qi","Qi" is the foundation of the existence of the physical world."Qi"including "yin" and "yang" two aspects,"yin and Yang produce everything of the world.Everything of the world have two sides which are opposite to each other.Zhang Zai in order to establish the theory that man is an integral part of nature,explained some concepts,like "Tian","Dao","Shen" and "Hua".He established his own theory of human nature and theory of moral self-cultivation.His ultimate goal is to prove his theory of "harmony between man and nature" and practice the theory of"extensive loving all things".Through five chapters,this paper will discuss Zhang Zai's theory of "harmony between man and nature".In introduction this paper will introduce the reason for writing the paper,relevant studies and Zhang Zai's life and source of his studies.First chapter will write "Tian","Di" and "Ren" in Zhang Zai's studies.This chapter will write three parts:"Tian":"Morality is its subject,law is its expression";"Di":"Great virtue can carry all the things in the world";"Ren":"Ordinary people can become saints by learning".Second chapter will write concept of natural law.This chapter will write three parts:"Tai Xu" and "Qi",this parts will write "Tai Xu" can't be perceived,and it is the Arche of Qi and "Tai Xu" cannot do without "Qi";Generation of all things,this parts will write everything has two sides,the generation of all things will not stop,the generation of all things follows one law and the most harmonious state is called "Dao";last part of this chapter will write everything is a thing.Third chapter will write Zhang Zai's theory of human nature.This part will write three parts:definition of "Xing";born nature and temperament;the nature of all things is the same as the nature of heaven.Forth chapter will write harmony between man and nature.This part will first write "the saint and nature have the same moral character" and"because all things have the same quality as nature,they can live in harmony".And then will write theory of moral self-cultivation.This part will discuss three question:the highest state of "Cheng" comes from "inquire deeply";to make one's mind as broad as nature;through the courtesy to get our own nature.Finally,I will write the final realm of "harmony between man and nature "-"extensive loving all things". |
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