Jewish Intellectuals And The Revolutionary Movement Of Russia(1825-1887)

Throughout the history of human civilization development ,the Jewish nation is a very special group. Since the dispersion, Jewry have never stopped dreaming of rebuilding their home.Because as long as they drifted, and live as a nation in which there is no land at all, the Jews had to face the test of the war and revolution which imposed on them. While the origin of Russian Jews and its historical developmental track is far more complex than the western Jews. On the one hand, the Russian Empire inadvertently gained the largest Jewish population in Eastern Europe through external expansion; on the other hand, special and complicated social environment gave birth to a group of radical Jewish intellectuals,who have played a significant role in the moderm Russian Revolutionary movement. The study aiming at this group of "rootless" Jews seek for"roots" and make a "root" in Russia undoubtedly has a special historical significance.This article mainly takes "Jewish intellectuals" as the research object,using 1825-1887 as the time dimension, mainly to explore the causes of Jewish Knowledge Youths' political radicalization and its role in modern Russian revolutionary movement,and expounds their influence on Russian revolutionary movement and Jewish politics.This paper is divided into preface,text and conclusion. The text is mainly divided into five parts:The first part mainly reviews the origins of Russian Jews and its changes in social status. About the origins of the Russian Jews, there are three kinds of viewpoints in the academic circles: Khazar sources, Western sources and the compromise.I agree with the third,that is, the genetic ancestry of Russian Jews has both the Khazar factors and Western elements, Khazar is the main source of the early Jewish Russian Jews, to Late Medieval the number of Western Jews gradually increased and exceed the former. With the development and evolution of history, the Khazars, the Slavonic gradually became assimilated with the Western Jews, and eventually they formed the main source of modem Russian Jews.From the kingdom of Khazar being destroyed to the year of 1825,the social status of the Russian Jews has experienced three stages: the period of relative freedom, the period of deportation and the period of restriction and assimilation.The second part mainly analyzes the original relationship of the Jewish Intellectuals with the early revolutionary movement in modern Russia.In this part, the author argues that on the one hand,the Haskalah originated in Berlin spread the enlightenment thought to the backward Eastern European Jewish community, which resulted in the birth of a large number of secular Jewish intellectuals who, under the leadership of Maskil,alienating the Jewish traditional community and achieving the greatest degree of Russification; on the other hand, the government's Russification policy (including the establishment of the modern public education system and the liberal reform of Alexander II) not only promoted the Jews be better educated, but also inadvertently pushed the majority of Jewish intellectual youth political radicalization process.In addition, the anti-Semitic frenzy in the 1980s not only ended Haskalah, but also led to more and more assimilated Jewish intellectuals joined the Russian revolution. At the same time,the author also focuses on the outstanding performance of Jewish Intellectuals in the modern Russian aristocratic revolutionary movement.The third and fourth parts mainly discuss the process and manifestation of the Russian Jewish intellectuals participating in the modern Russian revolutionary populist movement. In this part, the author introduces some representative Jewish intellectuals,such as Natanson, Zundelevich, Chudnovskii and Akselrod, They played an important role in the process of the formation, development and demise of revolutionary populism.On the one hand, they used their own experience in smuggling trade on the western border of the western part of Russia, organized the illegal transport of literary works, planned to escape and illegally cross the border, and maintained the normal operation of the whole organization wheel as a whole. On the other hand, the Jewish intellectuals injected fresh and lasting impetus when the revolutionary movement was low and paralyzed. In addition, more and more Jewish intellectuals in the late 1870s and early 1880s were attracted to political terrorism and scrambled to engage in political assassination activities of people's will party.The fifth part mainly elaborates the author's thoughts on the Jewish intellectuals and the modern revolutionary movement in modern Russia. First of all, this paper argues that the Jewish intellectuals be attracted by revolutionary populism because it presents a utopian commitment to "real liberation": all Jews live in a nation that does not have national, religious and social discrimination, Brotherhood of the Socialist Republic.Secondly, the Jewish character is one of the important factors in shaping the revolutionary life of the Jewish intellectuals. The Jewish intellectuals engaged in the revolutionary populist movement did not lose the Jewish character. On the contrary, they always consciously or unconsciously showed this deep-rooted Jewish. Finally,on the Jewish political concept, this paper holds that the traditional Jewish politics is centered on God, and the Jewish authority governs many aspects of their daily life. Modem Jewish politics is human-centered and is based on freedom, equality and nation Self-determination of this new, universally applicable principle.The conclusion is to summarize the Jewish intellectuals and the early revolutionary movement in modern Russia and to point out the shortcomings of the thesis.