Sino-Vietnamese Trade Research In The Qing Dynasty

When Qing Dynasty replaced Ming Dynasty, Vietnam's political turmoiled. In order to defend their own rights and dominance, the independent regimes are seeking to build tribute-relations to Qing Dynasty. Meanwhile, Mo Dynasty, Lee Dynasty and Xishan Dynasty during late Qianlong Dynasty used to build tribute relationship with Qing Dynasty, and when Ruan Dynasty unified Vietnam, it was confered titles of nobility again. In the East Asian international relations during Qing Dynasty, the relations between China and Vietnam accounts for an important position. The change of domestic situation and political relations between China and Vietnam has a significant influence on the trade between them.Under the tribute system, tribute trade is the typical trade form. And due to the ban on maritime trade at the beginning of Qing Dynasty, tribute trade was also the only form of trade. Based on the provisions of Qing Dynasty and their variations, Vietnam tribute three years one time or six years two times, or four years one time. Vietnamese diplomatic corps carry trade goods to Beijing, to do business in the Capital Wen Pavilion, or to order goods in transit port when Qing Authority Permitted. In addition, Qing Authority rewarded Vietnam King and members of the diplomatic corps as usual. Tribute trade is not only the economic ties between the two countries of a bond, but also has a master-slave pecking political color.When the ban on maritime trade canceled, border trade and maritime trade increasingly developed. With time going on, the traditional tributary trade gradually declined, maritime trade gradually developed and border trade developed steadily. Among them, in terms of land border trade, gradually opened three gorges during QianLong dynasty--Ping'er, Shuikou, Youyi is an important way to promote folk trade between China and Vietnam, but the border trade has always been affected by the relations between the two countries and border situation change, so the trade port set or canceled is relatively common.As time goes on, the scale of folk maritime trade between China and Vietnam become more and more large. Businessmen from the coastal provinces such as Guangdong and Fujian engaging in trade are increasing. The trading goods is based on daily necessities, such as rice, flour, fruit and so on. In different periods, the two countries have formulated to encourage maritime trade. There is also a set of relief system to victims. For the items involved in national security, such as weapons, coal, arms, the two countries also have laws and regulations to prohibit them.In brief, study the interaction of three trade forms and political relations between the two countries helps to deepen the study of relations between China and Vietnam during Qing dynasty.