The Interaction Between The Tribe And The Country

Kurdistan, the kurds had been living in the area, located at the border between the Ottoman empire and Persian empire, has an important strategic position. With the rise of the Ottoman empire, the main conflict between the Ottoman empire and Persian empire happened in kurdistan. In the 16th century, the two great empire realize the importance of kurdistan region's geopolitical, then began to fight for the Kurdistan.1514 Chaldiran campaign happened, the Ottoman empire and the kurds has concluded "Ottoman-Kurdish contract", the Ottoman empire has begin to controlled kurdistan and kurds officially. The period that the Ottoman Empire controlled Kurdish can be divided into two phases:16-18th century that loose contract-alliance's period, Ottoman empire began to strengthen administration that central government to kurdistan, strengthen the control for kurds. At the security level, Kurdistan's strategic position is very important and steep, the Ottoman Empire could not ignore the Kurdistan's importance. Since the 16th century, Ottoman empire is subject to its own strength and military technology, make full use of identity that Ottoman empire with kurds's religious and Kurdish tribal society unique administrative power architecture, indirect control policy in kurdistan. Ottoman Empire make its administrative system superimpose on the basis of the kurdish tribal structure, authorized the leader of Kurdish tribe alliance greater autonomy, and require a minimum loyalty of kurds-lower taxes, but should undertake the task of protect frontier at crisis, indirect rule of the people actually.Since the 19th century, Ottoman empire declined, strengthened centralization became the inevitable choice, this trend is also used in Kurdistan. The Ottoman empire in the kurdistan region control policy has changed, started to strengthen the centralization, weakened the power of the Kurdish mirs and Kurdish tribal leaders, strengthen the Ottoman empire's control of the peripheral areas, in order to prevent the Kurdish people may rebel and division. Ottoman empire destroyed Kurdish emirates is coming into its own Kurdish principality in kurdistan, until the mid 19th century, with the kurish emirates's demise, the Ottoman empire began to imposed direct rule policy in kurdistan. Ottoman empire respectively from the aspects of politics, economy, military, set kurdistan province, promulgated the land law "(1858)," created hamidiye system, to control the kurds. But kurdistan as a unique geographical, political and social body, lead to the complete central control is hard to take root in kurdistan, the founction of tribal leaders and to the role of religious leaders to be highlight, the central system still exist in this area and marked by deep tribal imprints, hamidiye system is the mixture Ottoman empire central government with tribal chief.This thesis consists of three parts:The first part:introduce the tribal structure of the kurds. First of all, introduced the kurds and the kurds residential-Kurdistan synoptically, in which the kurds are the main social organizations of tribes. Secondly, from three aspects that the definition and delamination of Kurdish tribes and Kurdish tribes as social organizations play to the function, the survival of the Kurdish tribes, was introduced in detail.The second part:for the key chapter of this article, mainly discusses the control policy of the Ottoman empire for the kurds. First, introduced simply the kurds'survival situation before the Ottoman empire control, points out that Chaldiran campaign-the Ottoman empire began to control the kurds. The 16th to the 18th century, the Ottoman empire is different from previous Aqqoyunlu dynasty and Safavids dynasty's method to direct rule of the kurds, authorized the emir greater autonomy, thereby indirectly control the kurds. Since the 19th century, the Ottoman empire began to strengthen centralized to the kurds from indirect rule before to direct control.The third part:from the viewpoint of the Ottoman Empire and Kurdish tribes both sides discussed influence that the Ottoman Empire impact policy on the Kurds and the interaction between the tribe and the State.The conclusion part summarizes the process of control of the Ottoman Empire the Kurds from the 16th century to 19th century, and analyzes the characteristics of Kurdish tribes.