Research On Glucocorticoid And Behavior Adaptation Strategies Of Yunnan Snub-nosed Monkey Under Human Behaviors

For the long-term research on wildlife makes people to think about the factors that play a major role in protecting these species.Among these factors,research shows that human behaviors,especially wildlife tourism,especially when these are primates,can have negative effects.When there is some kind of stimulation to animals,the body will releases glucocorticoid(a measure of their physiological stress level)to increase the body's ability to resist injury.Yunnan snub-nosed monkey(Rhinopithecus bieti)is the highest non-human primate,endemic species in China.From June 2016 to August 2017,study was performed on a provisioning monkey group at Xianggqing in Baimaxueshan National Nature Reserve.Scan sampling,focal animal sampling,all occurrence recording,interview,questionnaire surveys are used to evaluate the pressure from three sources: stressors,physiological reponses(Faecal glucocorticoid concentrations,FGCs),and coping strategies.The trend of FGCs in different age/sex groups was the same in different months.The difference of FGCs in different seasons was different in different age/sex.The individuals in the IM group were more sensitive to human behaviors,and their FGCs were significantly higher than those of the AD group.The results showed that AM group,AF group,and IM group in the peak season FGCs were significantly lower than the off-season.In the breeding season,AM group,AF group and IM group FGCs were significantly higher than non-breeding period.The sources of interference in different seasons vary in the contribution rates of the principal components,and the interference factors involved are different.Four principal components were extracted from the main annual human-induced interference factors(a total of 9 parameters),and their cumulative contribution rate reached 69.560%.The effect of the interference factor on FGCs was mainly related to the number of photograph,the number of tourists,bright clothes,watch the car,the nearest distance,decibels,photoflash,and most of the interference factors(7/9).From behavioral observation of R.bieti on human activities has a certain degree of adaptability,but we found strong significant positive associations between FGCs in different individuals and three types of human interaction behavior: neutral behavior Neutral,agressive behavioral,feeding behavior.Among the eight human interactions,the analysis indicates: FGCs was significantly positive related to photograph,feeding,approaching,threating and Other.In the interaction behaviors of human-monkeys,the neutral behaviors were mainly.The response behavior of R.bieti is based on Staring,Escape,Threat,Vigilance,and Warning.There was a positively significant difference between the four types of response behaviors.However,the behavior is not always a single interactions,with a combination of low-frequency behavior(person 5.42%,monkey2.86%).The copy strategies of R.bieti show a diversity due to different age/sex,and distance classes.The older age,the stronger adaptability to human behaviors activities.There were not significantly difference in rates of different age/gender individual response behavior.But the rates of neutral behavior increased with age;the rates of exclusion behavior followed decreases with age.We analyzing infants group(In)for2017 years and 2016 years individuals by Two way ANOVA,there was a significant difference in rates of different response behaviors.Adaptability is gradually increased.There were significant differences among the four types of response behaviors at different distance levels(I,II,and III): Neutral,friendly,exclusion,and combinnation behavior.At distance I,the retes of rejection behavior was highest(54.14%).The individual FGCs were significantly related to closest proximity.Faced with different types of human interaction behavior and distance levels,monkeys has diversified coping strategies to faced with different levels of anxiety.And these response behaviors are not always single.A total of 1,438 valid questionnaires were received.All visitors to the view site were our subjects.Individuals of different age/sex were randomly selected for investigation.The survey found that tourists have a strong sense of protection,buttheir understanding of the species is relatively simple.Understanding is a prerequisite for protection.Human are still a dangerous existence for R.bieti.In order to protect themselves,they must make changes.This is the price that must be paid to ensure their life.These results are of positive significance for improving the suitability of R.bieti and improving protection and management.It can be used to inform management of tourism both at this site,and at other locations where tourists view and can interact with wild primates.