| Some non-human primate species with a male and female mating system often have a group of males that have no chance of breeding temporarily,called all male unit(AMU).The community organization of the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey(Rhinopithecus bieti)consists of one male units(OMUs)and all males.For a long time,many researches on OMU,but few on AMU.The research object is an artificially-assisted feeding of R.bieti,located at Xiangguqing in Baimaxueshan national nature reserve,the related data of all male unit(AMU)were collected.From January 2015 to July 2019,the total observation days were 386 days.Scan sampling and All occurrences recording were used to record the data of grooming behavior,spatial-temporal cliquishness,and aggressive-submissives among individuals in the entire male group.The results are as follows:During the observation period,a total of 18 individuals in the whole male group were observed,and each male group included individuals in three age groups:adult male,sub-adult male,and juvenile male.At the same time,adult males and sub-adult males are significantly higher than adolescent males,and adolescent males with low OMU rank status leave the original birth unit earlier than those with higher rank status.A total of sixteen male migrations,ten migrations,and six migrations were observed.There was no significant difference in migration in and out of individuals of different ages(?~2=5.369,df=2,P>0.05).The six outings all set up new families,of which outgroups accounted for two times(33.33%).The results showed that when forming a family,there was a significant positive correlation between the help of the hero and the experience time and the number of fights(Spearman correlation test:R=0.894,P<0.05;R=0.866,P<0.05),that is,there were When the hero assists,the time to start a family is significantly shorter and the number of fights is less.Through the analysis of the individual's aggressive-submissives behavior and grooming behavior data,the results show that the tiered system of all males of R.bieti is strict.Adult males have a higher rank,sub-adult individuals are in the middle,and juvenile are the lowest.The individual's aggressive-submissives dominance index is significantly positively correlated with the grooming dominance index(Spearman correlation test:R=0.952,P<0.01);age and grade gradient are related sex is extremely significant(Spearman correlation test:R=0.986,P<0.001);there is a significant positive correlation between the rank series and the grooming income(Spearman correlation test:R=0.894,P<0.05).The research results show that the entire male population of R.bieti is in line with the aggressive-submissives hypothesis and that the dominant resource takes precedence over the hypothesis--grooming yield.The results of cluster analysis show that the whole male group has three subgroups:adult group,sub-adult group and juvenile group.The analysis of correlation coefficients between the Normalized David's score(NDS)and Eigen Centrality(EIG)shows that the correlation is not significant(Spearman correlation test:R=-0.628,P=0.058),indicating that high-ranking individuals in all male unit are not certain individuals have a high degree of centrality,but subgroups and juvenile have a higher degree of centrality than adult males to the age of family establishment,but the oldest adult males in the entire male group have high levels and centrality,and young individuals are more inclined to and these individuals are together.The absolute value of age difference was significantly correlated with the composition of subgroup(Spearman correlation test:R=0.215,P<0.05),and the absolute value of grade difference was not significantly correlated with the composition of subgroup(Spearman correlation test:R=0.102,P=0.067).It can be seen that the age difference plays a role in promoting the formation of subgroups,while the gap between individuals has little effect on the formation of subgroups.In order to further explore the formation of subgroups,through the spatial-temporal co-signing coefficient and the co-signing coefficient of the grooming data,it is found that there is a very significant difference in the association strength between individuals within the subgroup and the association strength between individuals within the subgroup(Mann-Whitney U-tests:U=310,P<0.01;U=220,P<0.01),the results show that the association between individuals within the subgroup is closer,but there is also a connection between the individuals within the subgroup,and the subgroups is not exist in isolation,One or two individuals in each subgroup are associated with individuals in other subgroups.Through mutual grooming behaviors,mutual friendship will be improved,so that the subgroups are well maintained,so as to establish alliances and maintain the all male unit stability.In this paper,through further research on all male unit Yunnan snub-nosed monkey,a comprehensive disclosure of R.bieti group with complex social structure forms is carried out.Through the study of various behaviors among the individuals in the group,explore the dynamic adaptation and cohesion maintenance mode of all males,so that the male unit can achieve dynamic stability. |
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