Comparative Morphology Of The Five Larvae Of Aphodiinae And Notes On Phaeaphodius Rectus Motschulsky Biology(Insecta:Coleoptera:Scarabaeidae)

Aphodiinae(Coleoptera,Scarabaeoidea,Scarabaeidae)are one of the most important dung beetles.Dung beetles are able to decompose dung pads quickly and control flies' fertility effectively,which play a considerable role in the energy cycle and ecological balance of the earth.However,the taxonomic and morphological studies of the Aphodiinae are mostly concentrated in the adult stage.The study oflarvae stages are obviously insufficient.In this study,the CO I gene sequence was used to identify the larvae,the morphological study of the five larvae were detailedly compared,and the biological characteristics of the Phaeaphodius rectus Motschulsky was described.This study provides a theoretical basis for the accurate and rapid identification of the larvae of Aphodiinae and the role of the Aphodiinae in the grazing ecosystem.1.By using the CO I gene sequence,the larvae of Aphodius sturmi Harold and Bodilus sordescens Harold were identified.It certifies that DNA barcodes can accurate and rapid identify the larvae of Aphodiinae.2.By using the feeding technology,the larvae of Colobopterus quadratus Reiche,Phaeaphodius rectus Motschulsky,and Aphodius elegans Allibert were obtained.And the technique of feeding Aphodiinae are summarized3.The five species of larvae were morphological studied using electron microscopy.The five species of larvae have morphological similarities,mainly concentrated on following characters: number of sensillae on antennae;phobae on epipharynx;basal sensory cone on epipharynx;tufts of microtrichia on the dorsal and ventral surface of mandibles;the paired setae on the claw of the thoracic legs.Otherwise,the rasters are devoid of palidia.In addition,the larvae of the five species also have obvious differences in morphology,such as the five-segmented antennae of the Colobopterus quadrates Reiche;the shape of epipharynx,mandibles,maxillae,hypopharynx,spiracle.4.Biological characteristics of the Phaeaphodius rectus Motschulsky were studied through field collection and observation in 2018.The Phaeaphodius rectus Motschulsky ismonovoltine,and over-wintering as adults.Phaeaphodius rectus Motschulsky emerge earliest species at Liaoning Province.The life cycle,natural enemies,color polymorphism of adultswere also provided.