| Guizhou belongs to Karst fragile ecological environment area,so tourism development has its uniqueness and sensitivity.Tourism development will eventually form a landscape pattern with local characteristics and meeting the needs of tourists in the corresponding tourist areas,and it is a human factor acting on the environment obviously,so if the landscape pattern of the tourist area is unreasonable,it will lead to ecological disasters such as soil degradation,soil erosion,biodiversity loss,and accelerated species extinction and will directly affect the ecological environment and economic and social development in the region.On June 23,2014,the World Heritage Committee meeting reviewed and approved the application for the second phase of China Southern Karst,represented by Guizhou Shibing Yun Taishan,Yun Taishan became the third world natural heritage of Guizhou Province.After the success of the application,because the status of the heritage site has been upgraded,foreign investment has grown dramatically,and the tourism industry has been flourished,but at the same time,they have carried out the protection and management of the heritage site to achieve the unification of society,economy and ecosystem.Therefore,analyzing the landscape pattern change and influencing factors of the site has a certain guiding role in realizing the benign development of the landscape pattern and the sustainable use of resources,and is of great significance for promoting regional environmental protection and economic and social sustainable development.Based on the SPOT images of 2005,2010 and 2015,the erdas8.4 software platform was used to perform the pre-processing of radio calibration,atmospheric correction and cliping,and the three-phase corrected image was obtained.Due to the small area of the study area,the artificial correction of the three-phase corrected image was performed in Arcgis10.1 software,and the landscape type maps of Shibing Yun Taishan World Natural Heritage Site in 2005,2010 and 2015 were obtained.Then,the spatial and temporal changes of landscape pattern,the landscape pattern index characteristics and the law of change of landscape type with altitude and slope are analyzed.Finally,natural factors and human factors(social economy and policy and system)are analyzed the relationship between them and the landscape pattern changes of the study area.It led to the following conclusions:(1)The results of landscape type structure analysis show that the area occupied by landscape type is the first place with forest land,and the value is increasing trend(60.12%,60.59%,61.04%);the results of landscape type area change analysis show that the area of the forest land was increased by 133.18hm~2 and 126.34hm~2 respectively in the two study time periods.The results of landscape type transfer analysis indicated that between 2005 and 2015,the landscape types transferred were mainly shrub land and forest land,and the study area is dominated by forest land.(2)The results of the landscape pattern index analysis show that at the patch type scale level,the PD value of the cultivated land is the highest,and the fragmentation degree of the patch is the largest compared with other landscape types;AREA_MN value,ED value,PAFRAC value and LSI value show that the forest land has the lowest degree of fragmentation,the preservation tends to be complete and its the degree of separation is low;during the study period,although the NP value is the largest,there is no forest land,but its LPI value,CA value and PLAND values are the largest,indicating that it is a dominant patch in the study area.(3)At the level of landscape scale,the SHDI value and SHEI value of the study area during the study period indicate that the landscape type is more uniform and the distribution of each landscape type is more uniform;COHESION value and SPLIT value indicate that the landscape spatial connectivity of the study area is enhanced,aggregated and being the fragmentation degree of diminishing;the DIVISION value indicates that the patch type of the subdivision of the landscape in the study area is combined to a patch type increasingly;the D value of the study area reflects that the overall landscape of the study area is only affected by one type of inlay type and that is the forest land.It is the dominant patch in the study area.(4)The results of the analysis of the relationship between landscape pattern and altitude show that at the three time points of the study,the cultivated land is mainly distributed in the altitude range of 1000~1200 m,and the area is reduced at the elevation,the AREA_MN value and LSI value indicate that the degree of fragmentation gradually decreases,and the degree of dispersion gradually decreases,and complexity of the shape of the patch is less;there are forest land mainly distributed at an altitude of 800~1000 m,where the area increases,the PLAND value indicates that it is a dominant patch;the shrub land is mainly distributed at an altitude of 800~1000 m,the area increases at this altitude,the LPI value indicates that the distribution concentration and the degree of patch integration are enhanced;the sparse forest land is mainly distributed at an altitude of 800~1000 m,where the area increases,and the LSI value and the AREA_MN value indicate the degree of dispersion decreases,and complexity of the shape of the patch is less,and the degree of patch fragmentation becomes lower;the grassland is mainly distributed at an altitude of 800~1000 m,and the area is reduced at the elevation,the LPI value indicates that the distribution is dispersed and the degree of fragmentation becomes large.(5)The results of the analysis of the relationship between landscape pattern and slope show that at the three time points of the study,the cultivated land was mainly distributed in the slope segment of 5~10°,and the area on the slope segment decreased,the AREA_MN value and LSI value indicated that the degree of fragmentation gradually decreased and the degree of dispersion gradually weakened,complexity of the shape of the patch is less;there are forest land mainly distributed in the slope section of>25°,the area is reduced on the slope section,PLAND value indicates that it is dominant patch;shrub land is mainly distributed in the slope segment of 10~15°,the area increases on the slope section,and the AREA_MN value indicates that the distribution of shrub land is transformed from fragmentation to integration;the sparse forest land is mainly distributed on the slope of 10~15°,and the area increases on the slope,the AREA_MN value indicates that the degree of fragmentation is low;the grassland is mainly distributed on the slope of 10~15°,and the area on the slope is reduced,the LPI value indicates that the distribution is dispersed and the degree of fragmentation becomes larger.(6)Results of natural factor analysis showed that between 2005 and 2014,the average annual temperature,total sunshine hours and total precipitation of Shibing County did not fluctuate greatly,so the large climate factors did not have a significant impact on the landscape pattern change in the study area;However,the microclimate of the site may have a certain degree of impact on the landscape pattern change in the study area.(7)The results of road buffer analysis show that at the three time points of the study,in the buffer with a radius of 100m,cultivated land is the main landscape type of its distribution,and the area shows a decreasing trend,the AREA_MN value indicates the degree of fragmentation decreases from 2005 to 2015 and the degree of patch integration is strengthened;Among the buffers with a radius of 300m and 500m,the forest land is the main landscape type of its distribution,and the area shows an increasing trend,the LPI value indicates that there is a concentrated distribution of the forest land and its degree of fragmentation is reduced between 2005 and 2015.(8)The results of the analysis of tourism development factors show that from the perspective of tourists,the number of tourists has increased,the number of basic facilities for tourism has increased,the vegetation has been trampled,public property has been destroyed,and the order of tourism has been disrupted,the landscape pattern of the area has been affected.From the perspective of the tourism service industry personnel,to solve the problem of living of increasing service industry personnel caused by the large amount of tourists,it is necessary to occupy the original ecological land,which will affect the landscape pattern of the area.From the perspective of the tourism service industry,the results of real estate,resort hotels,caravan camps,etc.will transform more and more natural landscapes into man-made landscapes,and the landscape pattern of the area has been affected.(9)The results of the analysis of policy and institutional factors showed that the process of application inevitably changed the landscape pattern in the scenic area,the application team has planned the landscape in the scenic area to strengthen the protection and management of the landscape;measures such as returning farmland to forests and closing hillsides for afforestation had an impact on the landscape pattern;rocky desertification comprehensive treatment project implemented in the area has enabled water storage and water conservation of the local forest to be gradually enhanced,the runoff of surface and underground to be adjusted,and service value of the ecosystem to be improved. |
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