The Experiences Of Singapore’s Ecological Environment Construction:from "Environmental Authoritarianism" To "Environmental Democracy"

Since the 18th CPC National Congress,our party and state have attached great importance to the construction of ecological civilization.In order to achieve the great goal of "Beautiful China",we should base the actual conditions of our own and fully utilize advanced foreign experience that has achieved remarkable-results in the construction of the ecological environment.Since its independence,Singapore has spent less than half a century in becoming a globally recognized "Garden City" country from a poor,backward and environment-poor country.From the beginning of the new century,based on building a "Garden City," the government has proposed a new strategic plan-to"City in a Garden".Focusing on the theme of Singapore’s ecological environment construction,the thesis summarizes the existing literature on the study of its eco-environmental construction,attempts to conduct in-depth research on its experience in eco-environmental construction and analyzes the background,initiatives,results,and limitations of creating the "Garden City".Based on them,this paper further analyzes the process of Singapore’s construction of the "City in a Garden" from the new century.Then it explores the roles played by the government and other social subjects such as the people,and environmental NGOs in the construction of ecological environment in order to provide a useful reference for the current ecological environment construction in China.After its independence,Singapore was faced with a series of problems,which included a predicament of scarcity of natural resources,an unsustainable environmental situation and the totally abandoned economy.After recognizing the economic value of the environment,the Singapore government actively learnt from the experience and lessons of developed countries under the leadership of political strongman Lee Kuan Yew.The Singapore government payed great attention to planning work,set up functional organizations related to environmental protection,strengthened environmental legislation work,enforced laws strictly to ensure the implementation of environmental policies in order to create the "Garden City".This paper believes that in the process of building the"Garden City",the Singapore government has been influenced by environmental authoritarianism and has exhibited the following characteristics:early adoption of"movement-style" governance;government-led environmental policy formulation;pragmatic orientation environmental policy concepts.Since the beginning of the new century,Singapore,which has succeeded in creating the "Garden City",has ushered in new challenges in the ecological environment construction.In the face of potential influence from neighboring countries,it began to replace "environmental authoritarianism" with "environmental democracy".The Singapore government introduced "Singapore Green Plan 2012" and "Sustainable Singapore Blueprint",actively mobilized national participation,payed more attention to the role of environmental non-governmental organizations,transformed from the original single-government governance to government,the people,non-governmental organizations and other multi-subject governance.In the process of environmental governance,democratization is more prominent.At the same time,the Singapore government has strengthened regional and bilateral cooperation and actively participated in international cooperation on environmental issues in order to realize the vision of "City in a Garden" as soon as possible.