Pullution Characteristics And Health Risk Analysis Of Organophosphate Flame Retardants In Door Environment

Organophosphate flame retardants(OPFRs)are chemicals added to furniture,electronic equipment and building materials to reduce their flammability.OPFRs are easy to release from the products to pollute the indoor environment and harm the health of human.In this study,the pollution level,composition and seasonal variation of OPFRs in indoor dust and indoor air were studied in a family in Harbin.The main factors affected the characteristics of the pollution and seasonal variation in indoor environment were investigated.We deeply analyzed the distribution between dust and air and assessed the exposure level and health risk of OPFRs to different age groups in the indoor environment.The concentrations of OPFRs in indoor air and dust were 0.41~455 ng·m-3 and 2503~10587 ng·g-1,respectively.Tris(1-chloro-2propyl)phosphate(TCIPP)was the primary pollutant in both media,and the concentration range were between 0~391 ng·m-3 and 677~1912 ng·g-1 which accounted for about 83.2% and 42.0% of total concentrations.OPFRs in indoor air and dust showed obvious seasonal variation.The OPFRs concentration in indoor air varies with seasons,and the overall trend was summer > spring > winter > autumn.Temperature,relative humidity,ventilation,special weather and light intensity were the main factors affecting the seasonal variation of OPFRs in indoor air.The overall trend of OPFRs with the seasonal variation in indoor dust was autumn > spring > summer > winter.Temperature,humidity and ventilation had little influence on the OPFRs seasonal changes,and the influence of haze might be the main factor of the highest concentration of OPFRs in indoor dust in autumn.The particle size of indoor dust is mainly composed by fine particles,which accounted for 40.1±16.5% of the total amount of dust.At the same time,it was founded that the concentration of OPFRs in dust did not necessarily increase with the decrease of particle size,and OPFRs tended to be enriched in coarse particles.Three main sources of OPFRs in indoor air and dust were buildings and furniture materials used for decoration,such as insulation materials and foam,sound insulation ceilings,varnishes,concrete,stickies,polymers,rubber and plastics.The distribution characteristics of OPFRs in indoor environment were: TIPP,Ti BP and Tn BP with higher vapor pressure,mainly distributed in indoor air.TPe P,TDCIPP,TBOEP,TPh P,EHDPP and TEHP with low vapor pressure were mainly distributed in indoor dust.The KOA value of OPFRs was the decisive factor for the distribution of dust-air and the trend of dust gas exchange.The exposure structure of OPFRs in different population was different.For infants and children,the OPFRs exposure structure was inhalation > ingestion > dermal contact.For teenagers and adults,the OPFRs exposure structure was inhalation > dermal contact > ingestion.For toddlers,OPFRs exposure structure: ingestion > inhalation > dermal contact.The total OPFRs exposure of different age groups in China increased with age.Infant daily total exposure was the highest,followed by toddlers.The average daily exposure of all age groups were far lower than the reference dose,and it was not a risk to human health.