| Since the adoption of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in 1992,the international community has paid great attention to the issue of global warming.The impact of tourism on global climate change has gradually attracted the attention of both society and academia.Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve is an important green ecological barrier in the northeast of China and even north of Eurasia.It is also one of the first national 5A tourist attraction in China.Therefore,this paper selects Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve as research area,and evaluates the carbon budget of tourism ecosystem.This article not only has the theoretical significance of expanding related research perspectives,enriching research methods,and perfecting research systems,but also has practical significance that can be applied,used for reference,and can be extended.This article adopts the field investigation method,the bottom-up analysis method and the scenario analysis method to evaluate the carbon income and expenditure of tourism ecosystem in Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve in 2016.First of all,based on the in-depth study of dissipative structure,life cycle assessment,sustainable development and other theories,the evaluation model of carbon budget of tourism ecosystem is constructed,including measurement and analysis.Secondly,based on the model from the perspective of tourism carbon sources and carbon sinks,the tourism carbon revenue and expenditure are estimated.In addition,the carbon balance and ecological compensation amount are analyzed.Then,by introducing indexes such as monthly index and carbon Gini coefficient,the distribution of tourism carbon footprint and tourism eco-efficiency are analyzed from the perspective of time and space.Finally,based on the above-mentioned estimation and analysis results,a scenario analysis was conducted to explore the effect of the reduction of the emission of the nature reserve managers and tourists after taking three different countermeasures.Based on the evaluation model for carbon revenue in tourism ecosystems constructed in this paper,combined with data collected from previous research,official websites,and questionnaires,the following conclusions can be drawn:(1)In 2016,the total carbon footprint of tourism in Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve was8.42×10~8 kg,carbon absorption was 27.02×10~8 kg,net carbon sink was 18.92×10~8 kg,carbon balance coefficient was 0.31,and there was carbon surplus.Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve should receive 16.79 million yuan in ecological compensation.(2)The carbon Gini coefficient of Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve was 0.63 and 0.68 in peak season and low season,respectively,which were all higher than 0.5,that is,the distribution of tourism carbon footprint was uneven.Among them,the long-distance travel in the tourist season,the short-distance and long-distance travel in the off-season have obvious uneven distribution of tourism carbon footprint.(3)Annual tourism ecological efficiency is 4.60 RMB/kg,which means that every 1 kg of carbon footprint produced will earn 4.6 yuan in tourism revenue.Among them,the eco-efficiency of short-distance travel during the peak season and off-season is the highest,which is 24.16RMB/kg and 31.94 RMB/kg respectively.(4)Scenario analysis results show that under the three circumstances in which the utilization rate of transportation changes,reducing the use of aircraft by 20%will have the most significant effect of carbon reduction.During the peak tourist season and off-season,the carbon reductions were 60.08%and 69.09%,respectively,and the carbon reduction effect was even more pronounced in the off-season.Based on the previous studies,this paper creatively constructs the evaluation model of carbon budget of tourism ecosystem.It is divided into measurement model and analysis model.From the perspectives of carbon sources and carbon sinks,the measurement model compensates for the shortcomings of the previous single research perspective for estimating tourism carbon sources.The analysis model carries out multi-angle and multi-dimensional analysis of the carbon budget of tourism ecosystem from five aspects:carbon balance of tourism ecosystem,ecological compensation quota,space-time structure of tourism carbon footprint,tourism eco-efficiency and scenario analysis.This not only improves the research system of tourism carbon revenue and expenditure,but also provides targeted decision-making basis for the relevant tourism sector to formulate sustainable development policies.It is worth noting that this article is only an attempt to evaluate the carbon budget of tourism ecosystem.The accounting caliber of tourism carbon sources still requires a consensus reached by the academic community,seasonal analysis of tourism carbon sinks,allocation standards for ecological compensation,and targets.And methods and methods need further study. |
