Investigation On Sulfonamide Antibiotics And Resistance Gene Pollution In Farmland Soil

Sulfonamides are widely used broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs,which are inexpensive and cost-effective.They are often used as drugs for the treatment of various bacterial infections in livestock and poultry farming and aquaculture.However,it is difficult for animals to fully absorb them,which results in most drugs being excreted into the environment along with Animal manure,and undergo migration and transformation in the environment,which is widely present in the environment,animals and plants.Due to the selection pressure of antibiotics,some microorganisms in the environment will develop resistance.After migration and diffusion,it leads to the pollution of resistance genes in the environment.The soil samples from the fallow and tillage periods of the farmland around the urban areas of Xinxiang and Xiangcheng were collected,and three sulfonamides?sulfadiazine,sulfamethoxazole and Sulfamomethoxine?in the sample were detected by HPLC.The results showed that the detection rates of three sulfonamides were 96.45%during fallow and tillage periods in Xinxiang,and the detectable amounts were ND¹62.88?g·kg^-1 and ND¹39.78?g·kg^-1,respectively.The average concentrations were86.94?g·kg^-1and 38.15?g·kg^-1.The detectable amounts of three sulfonamides in different periods in Xiangcheng area were 4.3²12.80?g·kg^-1and ND¹25.63?g·kg^-1 The average detectable quantities were94.50?g·kg^-1 and 73.63?g·kg^-1.The amount of sulfonamides detected in different soils was different in different periods,and the content in fallow period was higher than that in tillage period.The amount of residual sulfonamides detected varied from region to region.The average detection amount of drugs in soil in the two regions was lower than the ecological risk effect trigger value.However,53%of the fallow samples in Xiangcheng exceeded the limit.Concentration decreased during the tillage period,and 21%of the samples still exceeded the limit.It has a high environmental risk to the local soil environment,which needs attention and attention.The physical and chemical properties of soil samples including pH value,organic matter,heavy metals?Zn,Cu,Pb,Cd?were tested,and the effects of soil physical and chemical properties on cycloamine drugs were analyzed.The results showed that sulfonamides in soils during tillage were more susceptible to physical and chemical properties of soils in these two areas.There was a significant negative correlation between the pH value and the concentration of sulfamethoxazole in the soils of the two regions,but no significant correlation with the detection of sulfamonomethoxine and sulfadiazine.There was only a negative correlation between the sulfamonomethoxine and organic matter in the Xiangcheng cultivation period between the sampling points.The Cd of heavy metals in the soils in these two areas exceeded the standard.The sulfadiazine in the soil samples of Xiangcheng was significantly negatively correlated with heavy metals Zn and Cd,but not in Xinxiang.The effect of a single environmental factor on the residual effects of sulfonamides in the soil is not obvious.The detection rate and abundance of sulfonamide resistance genes in soil of Xiangcheng,Xinxiang were studied by qualitative PCR and quantitative q-PCR,and to analyze the effects of soil antibiotics and their physicochemical properties on resistance genes.The results showed that the positive detection rates of sul2 were 96.4%in fallow and tillage periods of Xinxiang soil samples,while the detection rates of Sul 1were 60.7%and 57.1%respectively.Sul3 was not detected.The detection rules of Xiangcheng and Xinxiang were similar,and the positive detection rate of resistance genes was sul2>sul1.There was almost no effect on the detection of sulfonamide resistance genes in different periods.The average concentration of sulfa resistance genes in soil in these two regions was between 10^-410^-2,and the detection rate and concentration of sul2 in soil samples were higher than that of sul1.The sul1 abundance of Xinxiang soil samples during fallow period was only correlated with Sulfamomethoxine.The abundance of sul2 was positively correlated with sulfamethoxazole?P<0.01?and negatively correlated with pH?P<0.05?.The abundance of sul1 and sul2 in soils during tillage period was positively correlated with sulfadiazine and sulfamethoxazole,and sul2 was negatively correlated with heavy metals?Zn and Cd?in soils.The abundances of sul1 and sul2 in the fallow soils of Xiangcheng City were positively correlated with the content of sulfadiazine in the soils?P<0.01?.There was a significant positive correlation between sul1 and sulfadiazine in soils during tillage period,and sul2 had a certain correlation with sulfadiazine and sulfamethoxazole in soils.