Pollution Characteristics And Source Analysis Of Atmospheric Organic Flame Retardants In Selected Cites In The Central Henan Urban Agglomeration

Organic flame retardants（OFRs）is a class of chemicals,which has been detected in various environmental medias frequently.Due to their persistence,bioaccumulation,biotoxicity and the abilities of long-distance atmospheric transport,these pollutants were in the spotlight in recent years.Polybrominated diphenyl ethers（PBDEs）was an important OFRs,the main products have been listed as persistent organic pollutants（POPs）under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants（POPs）in 2009 and2017,respectively.New brominated flame retardants（NBFRs）and organophosphate esters（OPEs）,as the substitutions of PBDEs,are being used widely in the world.But they were found“POPs-like”properties as studies being conducted.The Central Henan Urban Agglomeration was a prosperous region of central China,which have an enormous population,advanced industrial manufacture,and serious air pollution.But few studies about atmospheric OFRs were conducted in the area.In present study,PUF air passive samplers were used to detected atmospheric PBDEs,NBFRs,and OPEs in 15 sampling sites in 5 cities.The concentrations,seasonal variations,spatial distributions,and sources were analyzed.The main contents are as follows.（1）PUF air passive sampling rates of PBDEs,NBFRs and OPEs were corrected by active sampling.The uncertainties and impact factors of PUF passive sampling were analyzed according to previous studies.The passive samples were standardized by two factors including PM_2.5 and PM₁₀.The results showed that the linear fitting degree of almost corrected samples were higher than uncorrected samples,indicating the method could increase the accuracy of sampling rates.But how to choose the factors should be further explored in future works.（2）The mean concentration of PBDEs was 60.7 pg m^-3 in Central Henan Urban Agglomeration,which was lower than the large cities in China,including Shanghai and Guangzhou.NBFRs mean concentration was 43.1 pg m^-3,which was in medium level in China.OPEs mean concentration was 12200pg m^-3,which was well above other studies.For composition,BDE209 was the main component of PBDEs（74.5%）,DBDPE was the major constituent of NBFRs（78.0%）,the main components of OPEs were TCEP（28.5%）,TCPP（21.5%）and TDCPP（20.2%）.（3）The concentrations of three OFRs presented significant seasonal variations.For PBDEs and NBFRs,the mean concentrations in winter were much higher than spring,autumn,and summer,which may be influenced by particulate levels.The OPE concentrations in summer and autumn were well above winter and spring,which may result from sample types and seasonal emission.Using factor analysis to study the homology of all samples,the results showed both the seasonal variations and spatial distributions may exert influences on samples.Thereby further explore the spatial distributions,the results show the mean concentration of OFRs in Zhengzhou was higher than other four cities.According to the variations of different functional regions,the occurrences of OFRs mainly were influenced by urban distribution,but not functional region distribution.（4）The HYSPLIT model were used to calculate the 72 h air mass sources during full sampling period and heavy pollution period.The results showed most of air masses excluding the period had high OPE levels originated from local sites and surrounding areas,few masses were from rural areas,indicating the OFRs may be mainly influenced by local emission in the areas.Correlation analysis and factor analysis were used to analyze the impact factors of three OFRs,the results showed gross domestic product,permanent resident population,total retail sales of consumer goods,heavy industries and flame retardants application industries（application industries）could influence OFR concentrations.From OFR congeners,the homology of application industries and OFR congeners were better than other factors,indicating it may be an important emission source of OFRs.Further analyzed flame retardants industries in details,the results showed the commodity manufacturing industries,automobile manufacturing industry,and electronic products manufacturing industries have better correlation with OFR congeners,indicating these three industries might be the main contributors to atmospheric OFRs.