Study On Arctic Shipping Emissions Inventories

The melt of Arctic sea ice makes it possible that ships can freely transit the Arctic area.The transit is greatly benefiting the Eurasian ships.Since the emission of ships is creasing,the ecological environment damage is considerable.It is necessary to calculate the emission of ship exhaust accurately before regulating and controlling the exhaust of sailing ships in the Arctic imminently.This paper develops a model for calculating the amount of ship exhaust emission and an analysis method for ship emission inventory,based on data set of the AIS（Automatic Identification System）,which can serve as a scientific basis for the relevant departments to formulate the control and reduce measures.The thickness and intensity of ice floes in Arctic area and their change characteristics with time are obtained through consulting and analyzing relevant documents,and the navigable waters and navigation time windows are identified,which lays the foundation for subsequent calculation.Before establishing a high reliability estimation model,a further analysis of the ice resistance characteristics of the sailing ships in the Arctic is developed basing on the theory of correlation between with ice resistance and ice thickness,density,width,speed.Identifying the ship operation state according to the velocity and time which extracted form AIS data set.Subsequently,basing on the conversion principle of thermal energy and mechanical energy,power estimation model,a highly reliable single ship emission model is established with the combination of emission factors,load factors and fuel correction factor.This model is further extended to the calculation of regional ship exhaust emissions.Finally,a regional ship emission inventory is formed basing on the regional ship exhaust emission calculation model.The results show that the mass of CO₂accounted for the most,the proportion of which is about 70%,followed by NOx and SOx,which are 13%and 12%respectively.According to the shares per pollutant of each ship type,the rate of the container ship is the largest.It can be seen that the container ship is the main ship type of current maritime transport.It is found that the time distribution of the ship exhaust emission has a great relationship with the ice situation and the function of the ship by further analyzing the time and space distribution characteristics.Areas of highest emission intensity in the Northeast passage areas are generally clustered around the Chukotka sea and the Kara Sea off the Russian coast and the Kara Strait.Similarly,the emission in the northwest passage areas is clustered in the Chukotka sea off the Canadian coast,the Barrow Strait,Lancaster Strait and Baffin Bay Waters.