Study And Development On Functional Ingredients Of Cactus Fruit

Cactus fruit is rich in carbohydrates,amino acids,organic acids,vitamins,minerals,polyphenols and so on.Apart from these,it is very good for decreasing oxadation,cancer,senility,blood glucose,blood pressure and blood lipids,improving immunity and so on.Hainan is popular with the cactus fruits.However,most of the cactus fruits were eaten directly in Hainan,their peel and seeds were usually discarded as waste,rather than making the best use of them.Therefore,the carotenoids and polyphenols of cactus fruits?peel,seed and pulp?in Hainan were investigated.In addition,for cactus fruit peel,the paper was major in studying the extraction technology and physicochemical properties of pectin.For cactus fruit seeds,seed oil was respectively extracted by Soxhlet extraction method,chloroform-methanol extraction method and ultrasonic-assisted n-hexane extraction method to explore the effects of three different extraction methods on composition and content of fatty acid and tocopherol and so on.For cactus fruit pulp,the paper was major in studying the extraction technology and stability of pigment.The main results and conclusions of this paper are as follows.1. Cactus fruit?peel,seed and pulp?In general,the total carotenoids content was low in cactus fruit?peel,seed and pulp?by colorimetry.Lutein?1.38 mg/100 g DW?was the main carotenoid by HPLC in cactus fruit?peel?.Significant differences?p<0.05?were observed between total phenolics content,total flavonoids concent and antioxidant capacity(DPPH,ABTS,Fe³⁺reducing power)which were determined by colorimetry.What's more,all showed a trend of pulp>seed>peel.According to UPLC-MS/MS analysis,the main polyphenols in cactus fruit were quercetin,kaempferol,rutin,p-coumaric acid,benzoic acid and protocatechuic acid.The main polyphenols in cactus fruit peel were quercetin?73.52?g/g DW?,kaempferol?52.21?g/g DW?,rutin?22.66?g/g DW?,benzoic acid?15.66?g/g DW?and isoquercetin?13.46?g/g DW?.The main polyphenols in cactus fruit seeds were p-coumaric acid?33.09?g/g DW?,protocatechuic acid?21.87?g/g DW?,vanillin?13.89?g/g DW?,myricetin?9.08?g/g DW?and vanillic acid?7.20?g/g DW?.The main polyphenols in cactus fruit pulp were benzoic acid?14.85?g/g DW?,rutin?10.55?g/g DW?,neochlorogenic acid?4.74?g/g DW?and kaempferol?4.21?g/g DW?.2. Cactus fruit peel-PectinBox-Behnken Design was utilized to optimize the process conditions for ultrasonic-assisted extraction of pectin from cactus fruit peel.The optimal conditions were obtained by using distilled water to extract pectin of cactus fruit peel for 20 min at p H 2.5,200 W and70?with a liquid-to-solid ratio of 15?m L/g?.Under these conditions,the yield of pectin was up to 29.55%.And the galacturonic acid content of extracted pectin was 23.45%,the degree of esterification was 91.19%,solubility was 41.75%,oil holding capacity was 1.53 g oil/g pectin,and DPPH free radical scavenging activity was 36.58%.3. Cactus fruit seed-Seed oilThere were no significant variations in the fatty acid and tocopherol composition of cactus fruit seed oil by three extraction methods,but the oil yield,degree of oxidation?POV?,content of fatty acids and tocopherols varied.Linoleic acid?63.31%?65.89%?,palmitic acid?12.54%?13.57%?and oleic acid?9.31%?9.78%?were the main fatty acids by GC in cactus fruit seed oil.?-tocopherol?40.20?47.45 mg/100 g seed oil?was the main tocopherol by HPLC in cactus fruit seed oil.Compared with the three methods,ultrasonic-assisted n-hexane extraction method was more suitable for extracting cactus fruit seed oil.4. Cactus fruit pulp-PigmentThe solvent extraction technique was developed to extract the pigment from cactus fruit pulp and optimized using the L₉?3⁴?orthogonal test.The optimal extraction conditions were obtained by using distilled water to extract pigment of cactus fruit pulp for 10 min at p H 7.5and 30?with a liquid-to-solid ratio of 20?m L/g?.Under these conditions,the yield of pigment was up to 7.75%.The pigment held good stability under p H 4?10,no more than30?,darkness conditions.The metal ions such as Na⁺,K⁺,Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺had no obvious effect on the stability of the pigment.However,metal ions Cu²⁺,Fe²⁺,Fe³⁺,Al³⁺could worsen its stability,especially Cu²⁺and Fe³⁺.Oxidizing agent H₂O₂ and reducing agent Na₂SO₃,VC reduced the stability of the pigment.The pigment powder yield of cactus fruit was 43.96%by using the technology of spray drying.