Environmental Effects Of Desertification In The Tarim River Basin And Its Damage Compensation Mechanism

The Tarim River is one of the longest inland rivers in China,an important transportation routes of The Belt and Road Initiative.It also plays an important role in the development of Xinjiang province.This article summarizes the background,meaning,purpose and content of the compensation mechanism for ecological damage in the Tarim River Basin,introduces and explains the methods and technical routes used in the study,and combines the relevant research both in China and abroad and briefly reviews it.With a view to providing references for the construction of ecological civilization in watershed,ecological security,sustainable development and desertification control in river basins.Watershed ecological compensation is an effective way to resolve the contradictions between the upstream and downstream of Chinese river basins,and it is also an inevitable requirement for the sustainable development of the ecological environment and economic society in our river basins.This paper systematically combs the relevant analysis of the spatiotemporal changes of desertification in the mainstream of the Tarim River Basin,development drivers,ecosystem service value,and ecological footprint,and extends the concept of ecological footprint and ecosystem service value to propose compensation for ecological damage to desertification.The main conclusions are as follows:1.From 2005 to 2015,the total desertification area in the Tarim River Basin decreased from 80637.50 km~2in 2005 to 77656.50 km~2in 2015.The non-desertification area increased at a rate of 3.10%per year,and the total desertification area decreased at a rate of 0.25%per year.This shows that the desertification situation in the Tarim River Basin has improved better.2.As the temperature rises,the degree of desertification increases.The desertification intensity index in the study area has a good proportional relationship with the annual precipitation.As the annual precipitation increases,the degree of desertification weakens.However,when the annual precipitation is more than97.81mm,the degree of desertification may increase,probably because the soil in the study area is mostly sandy soil.The concentrated precipitation is likely to cause soil erosion and aggravate the development of desertification.The non-desertification area of forest land,grassland and unused land increased with time,the non-desertification area of cultivated land and construction land decreased,and the desertification of construction land has intensified somewhat.3.In recent 10 years,both NDVI difference analysis and regional ecological index analysis reveal that the ecological effect on Tarim River Basin is positive.As for NDVI difference classification,it shows that the effect of ecological environment is significantly positive from 2010 to 2015.As for the regional ecological index,the quality of the ecological environment has declined slightly from 2005 to 2010,but the positive effect from 2010 to 2015 is more obviously,the ecological environment index increased from 0.152 to 0.177,and the degree of improvement was 0.025.4.The lower the degree of desertification,the higher the value of ecological services.The value of ecological services in extreme desertification areas is 42.146million yuan;the value of intensive desertification services is 68.828 million yuan,which is about 62.83%higher than the total value of extreme desertification services;the value of moderate desertification services is 71.878 million yuan.The specific intensity of desertification increased by approximately 4.74%;the value of services in lightly desertification areas was 91.054 million yuan,an increase of26.69%over moderately desertification areas;the value of ecological services in non-desertification areas was 164,557,700 yuan,an increase of approximately 80.72%over lightly desertification areas.5.From 2000 to 2015,the ecological footprint of the Tarim River Basin increased by approximately 4.11 times,and the decline in ecological carrying capacity was relatively stable.From 2004,the basin showed an ecological deficit with a deficit of70 km~2.By 2015,the ecological deficit reached 45,214 km~2.6.In addition to improving relevant laws and regulations,the model of ecological compensation was discussed in terms of ecological water transport,vegetation restoration,oasis area control,talent technology compensation,and financial compensation.On this basis,quantitative compensation was calculated for the funds.The results show that with a discount rate of 5%,the total amount of ecological compensation in the Tarim River Basin in 2015 was 8.278 million yuan,of which the highest amount of ecological compensation needed to be paid in extreme desertification It was RMB 7.503 million,accounting for 91.21%of the total amount;followed by intensified desertification areas at RMB 412,200.The amount of ecological compensation required for mild desertification areas is the least,which is36,600 yuan.The amount of ecological compensation required for moderate desertification areas and non-desertification areas is 50,300 yuan and 230,900 yuan,respectively,which is in line with local economic development.