Effects Of Irrigation And Nitrogen Application On Grain Yield And Quality Of Winter Wheat

In 2014-2017,Yumai 49-198 was used as the material in Wenxian of Henan Province.Three treatments of irrigation(W0: no irrigation in whole growing period,W1: irrigation in jointing stage,W2: irrigation in jointing and anthesis stage)and four treatments of nitrogen application(0,180,240,300 kg ha-1)were set two factors in the split-zone experiment.It studied the effects of irrigation and nitrogen treatments on grain yield and quality formation in winter wheat.The main findings are as follows: 1.Effect of irrigation and nitrogen application on grain yield formation and photosynthetic characteristics of winter wheat.Irrigation and nitrogen have significant effects on grain yield formation and photosynthetic characteristics.The net photosynthetic rate(Pn),stomatal conductance(Gs),intercellular CO2 concentration(Ci)and transpiration rate(Tr)of flag leaf showed a downward trend,with the advancement of growth period.The increase of filling water makes Pn and Tr significantly increase,which leads to the increase of spike number,grain number per spike and yield,but there is a negative correlation between Ci and irrigation.Nitrogen made Pn,Gs and Tr significantly increased,and the number of spike number,grain number and yield increased significantly,but Ci decreased with the increase of nitrogen.The effects of irrigation and nitrogen interaction on the yield and component factors were different in different years: The effects of irrigation and nitrogen on 1000-grain weight was larger in 2014-2015.The influence of spike number,grain number per spike and yield was also significant in 2015-2016.There was a significant impact on the production and composition factors of irrigation and nitrogen in 2016-2017.The most productive combinations are W2N2(2014-2015),W2N3(2015-2016)and W2N1(2016-2017).2.The content of protein components of irrigation and nitrogen.The content of albumin was significantly increased by irrigation.The content of globulin,gliadin protein,glutenin content and total protein content were significantly decreased compared with non-irrigated treatment.The content of gliadin protein,gluten protein content and total protein content were significantly increased.In 0-240 kg ha-1 range,with the increase of nitrogen application,albumin,gliadin,glutenin and total protein content increased,if continue to increase the nitrogen application rate.In the range of 0-300 kg ha-1,the content of globulin decreased with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer.The effect of irrigation on the flour color is different,indicating that the influence of irrigation water on its effect should be considered.Nitrogen significantly increased a* and b*,while L* and whiteness decreased significantly,indicating that under the test conditions.The application of nitrogen was not conducive to improving the flour color.3.The composition and proportion of starch were affected by irrigation and nitrogen application.Starch accumulation showed “S” type growth during the whole period,and the accumulation rate was “slow-fast-slow” with the increase of the growth period,which reached the maximum after 7-14 d.At 0-14 days after the flower,the irrigation was not conducive to the accumulation of starch,and the amount of starch accumulation was increased after 21-28 d.The content of amylose and amylose/amylopectin ratio decreased,the content of amylopectin and starch production increased.The accumulation of starch increased with the increase of nitrogen in the range of 0-240 kg ha-1.Nitrogen application rate within the range of 0-240 kg ha-1,increasing nitrogen application rate,amylose content and amylose/amylopectin ratio is decreased,and amylopectin content production increase,the differences are significant in 2014-2015 and 2015-2016.4.Irrigation and nitrogen application affect starch gelatinization.Irrigation increased the peak viscosity,through viscosity,set back and final viscosity,which was significantly different from the W0,and the three years' performance tended to be consistent.On a scale of 0-240 kg ha-1 nitrogen application scope,increasing nitrogen application rate,peak viscosity,through viscosity and final viscosity increases,continue to increase the nitrogen application rate,would no longer increases even lower In 2014-2015 and 2015-2016,and in W2 processing,the through viscosity and final viscosity decreases gradually with the increase of nitrogen application rate in 2016-2017.Further separation and purification of starch gelatinization analysis shows that 2014-2015,peak viscosity,through viscosity and final viscosity in W1 to achieve the minimum,the through viscosity and final viscosity no significant difference in W0 and W1 treatments;Irrigation decreased peak viscosity,through viscosity,setback,final viscosity and breakdown in 2015-2016,and there was no significant difference in W1 and W2 treatments.The starch peak viscosity and through viscosity were minimized in W1,and W1 was significantly different from W0 and W2.In the range of 0-240 kg ha-1,the peak viscosity,through viscosity and final viscosity increased significantly with the increase of nitrogen application in 2016-2017.5.The effect of irrigation and nitrogen application on starch particle size distribution and crystal characteristics.The volume percentage of large starch granule and small starch granule decreased by irrigation.The volume percentage of large starch granule and small starch granule decreased significantly under the same irrigation condition.Starch grains in irrigation and nitrogen on the influence of the volume percent,the differences between the processing combination: the starch grains in the volume percent increases with the increase of nitrogen application in W0,but nitrogen has no influence on it in W1 and W2.Irrigation,nitrogen and their interactions all did not change the wheat endosperm starch crystal type,the diffraction Angle 2?in 17°,15°,18° 20°,and 23° has obvious absorption peak,and 2? to 17° and 18° and nearby were connected to the twin peaks,which is A-typical characteristics of corn starch.In W2,the intensity of each peak was N0,and the intensity value of the peak intensity was reduced by nitrogen.2? is 17°,15°,20° and 23° peak strength as N2?N0 in W0,and 18° is differences.Irrigation and nitrogen fertilization increased the relative crystallinity of starch,and W2N2 was significantly different from W0N0.Relative crystallinity with the main components,starch pasting parameters and color is a certain correlation: relative crystallinity and peak viscosity,through viscosity,amylopectin content and total starch content,C2,stable time there were very significant positive correlation,while and amylose content and L* has significant negative correlation;C2,stability time,protein content and main pasting parameters,amylopectin content and total starch content,there were very significant positive correlation relationship between with amylose content and amylose/amylopectin ratio is significantly negative correlation;L* was significantly negatively correlated with peak viscosity,setback,amylopectin content,total starch content and protein content,and was significantly positively correlated with amylose content and amylose/amylopectin ratio.a* has a significant negative correlation with gelatinization and protein content.At the same time,it was found that protein content was significantly negatively correlated with L* and white degree,which was positively correlated with a*.