| This thesis used Holstein calves and hybrid water buffalo calves at different growth stages as experimental animal,research effects of addition of 0.3%encapsulated cinnanaldehyde in starter on growth performance,diarrhea,serum biochemical and immune indices,rumen fermentation and rumen bacterial communtiy of calves,aimed to provide scientific data for the application of cinnamaldehyde in calf feeding,this study including f-ollowing experiments:Experiment one:Twenty-four Holstein male calves with similar birth age-15 days old,body weight and good health were selected and separated into two groups,12 calves in each group,the experiment group was added with 0.3%of encapsulated cinnamaldehyde.The growth performance,diarrhea,serum biochemical and immune indexes of calves were measured during the experiment period,and the ruminal bacterial conmmunity of calves was analyzed based on 16SrDNA high-throughput sequencing method.The results showed that:1)In terms of growth performance,there were no significant differences in average daily gain,dry matter intake and feed/gain ratio between the experimental group and the control group no matter at sucking stage,post-weaning stage or the whole experiment period(P>0.05),and there were no significant differences in body size index between the experimental group and the control group as well(P>0.05);2)In terms of calf health condition,The diarrhea rate of calves in the experimental group was lower than that of the control group,however,there was no significant difference in diarrhea between the experimental group and the control group in each stage of the experimental period(P>0.05).3)In terms of serum biochemical and immune indices,there were no significant difference inserum biochemical and immune indicators between the expenrimental group and the control group after weaning(P>0.05).At the end of the experiment,the serum total protein and alanine aminotransferase in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in control group at the end of this experiment.4)In term of rumen fennentation index,the content of volatile fatty acids in the experimental group were lower than that in the control group after weaning(P<0.05);however,the content of acetic acid,propionic acid,butyric acid,valeric acid and total volatile fatty acid iin the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group at the end of the experiment(P<0.01);5)addition of cinnamaldehyde decreased Shannon index of ruminal bacteria community,increased abundance of Bacteroidetes(56.6%vs.47.0%),but decreased abundance of Firiicutes at phylum level,increased abundance of Prevotella(25.7%vs.18.3%),but decreased abundance of Bacteroidetes(8.44%vs.27.5%)at genus level.The results indicated addition of cinnamaldehyde tend to increase dry matter intake of calf,and decreased diarrhea rate,however,the average daily gain of experimental calf were lower than control,and the ruminal bacterial comtmunity diversity were decreased significantly,indicated the addition level of cinnamaldehyde in starter need to be research in future.Experiment two:Twenty-four bull buffalo calves with average birth age of 15 days old,with similar birth age,body weight and good health were selected and separated into two groups,12 calves in each group,the experiment group was added with 0.3%of encapsulated cinnamaldehyde.They were divided into experimental group and control group on average.The experimental treatment,feeding management and measurement were consistent with those of experiment one.The results were as follows:1)There were no significant differences in daily gain,body size index,dry matter intake of starter,dry matter intake of oat straw and feed-Weight ratio between the two groups(P>0.05),However,the addition of Cinnamaldehyde to the diet during the whole period of the experiment tended to increase the daily gain(0.41 kg/d vs.0.39 kg/d)and decrease the feed-to-weight ratio of the water bull calves.It also tended to decrease the diarrhea of the calves,and had no significant effect on the serum biochemical and immune indexes.After weaning,the daily gain(0.50 kg/d vs.0.49 kg/d)and the feed-to-meat ratio decreased.2)The diarrhea rate of the experimental group was significantly lower than that of the control group in the fourth week of the trial period(P<0.05),and that of the first week after weaning was 46.12%lower than that of the control group.in the first and second weeks,the fecal score of the control group was significantly higher than that of the experimental group(P<0.05).3)Irn serum biochemical and immune indexes,there was no significant difference between the experimental group and the control group in serum protein and immune indexes at all stages of the experiment(P>0.05).4)In the aspect of rumen fermentation,propionic acid in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control gi'oup after weaning(P<0.01),while other rumen fennentation indexes had no significant difference(P>0.05).At the end of the experiment,the levels of acetic acid,propionic acid,butyric acid,valproic acid and total volatile fatty acid were higher than those of the control group,and there was no significant difference in each index(P>0.05).5)The Shannon diversity index of rumen microflora was decreased by adding Cinnamaldehyde to the starter,which had a tendency to decrease the diversity of rumen microflora.The abundance of Bacteroidetes(56.6%vs.47.0%)was increased and the abundance of Firmicutes was decreased at the level of rumen bacterial flora.Bacteroidetes abundance decreased(8.44%vs.27.5%)and Prevotella abundance increased(25.7%vs.18.3%)at genus level.The results showed that the addition of cinnamaldehyde had no effect on dry matter intake of male buffalo calves,which was different from that of dairy calves in increasing daily gain and decreasing feed/weight ratio and diarrhea rate,and had no significant effect on serum biochemical and immune indexes.Experiment three:under the same feeding and management conditions in experiment one and experiment two,the growth performance of dairy bull calves group(12 cows)and male buffalo calves group(12 animals)were compared under the same feeding conditions,and the growth performance of milk male calves was compared with that of water male calves under the same feeding conditions,and the growth performance of milk male calves and water male calves were compared under the same feeding conditions.Differences in diarrhea rate,serum biochemical and immune indices,rumen fermentation and rumen bacterial flora and diversity,The results were as follows:1)in the aspect of growth performance,there was no significant difference in growth performance between lactating calf and buffalo calf(P>0.05).The daily gain after weaning and the whole experiment period were significantly higher than that of the buffalo calf(P<0.01),and the dry matter intake of the buffalo male calf was significantly higher than that of the dairy calf(P<0.01),and the dry matter intake of the water calf was significantly higher than that of the milk calf(P<0.01).2)in the health status of calves,there was no significant difference in diarrhea rate between dairy calves and buffalo calves(P>0.05).3)in the aspect of serum biochemical and immune indexes,the total protein content of weaning calf was significantly higher than that of buffalo calf after weaning and at the end of experiment(P<0.05).4)in rumen fermentation,acetic acid and total volatile fatty acids were significantly higher in buffalo calf than that in dairy calf after weaning(P<0.01).At the end of the experiment,dairy calf was in propionic acid and pentanoic acid,and at the end of the experiment,acetic acid and total volatile fatty acid were significantly higher than those in dairy calf(P<0.01).The index of total volatile fatty acid was significantly higher than that of water calf(P<0.01).5)in rumen bacterial flora and diversity,the abundance of Bacteroidetes of dairy calf was significantly lower than that of buffalo calf(39.7%vs.54.8%),while the abundance of Firmicutes was significantly higher than that of buffalo calf(44.7%vs.35.7%).The rumen Prevotella of dairy male calves was significantly higher than that of buffalo male calves(39.8%vs.28.3%)at genus level.It can be seen that there are great differences in feeding orientation,growth performance and rumen fermentation index between buffalo and cow calves,and the mechanism remains to be studied. |
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