In-vitro Bioaccessibility Of Triadimefon In Cherry Tomato And Related Risk Assessment

Exposure to pesticide residues in fruits is a global concern due to their widespread occurrence and the potential risks to human health.Studies of the bioaccessiblity of pesticides and related influence factor,and further evaluating the health risk assessment of pesticide residues in fruits,is the urgent need to solve the scientific problem.This study of the bioaceessibility of triadimefon in cherry tomato and the affecting factors using an in vitro test by simulating the human gastro-intestinal was investigated.Clearly,the function of dietary components on the bioaccessibility of pesticide residues in cherry tomato.Using the Caco-2 cell,we investigated the effects of gut microbiota on the intestinal absorption of triadimefon in cherry tomato.Based on the bioaccessibility data,we provide a more realistic estimate of potential risks.The main outcomes are as follows:1.Residue analytical method of triadimefon in cherry tomato and simulated gastrointestinal fluidsAn analytical method was established to analyze triadimefon in cherry tomato and simulated gastrointestinal fluids.Results showed that recoveries of the added standard in cherry tomato were 99.52-105.97%at spiked concentrations of 0.01,0.02,and 0.20 mg/kg,and the relative standard deviations(RSDs,%)were 5.02-5.92%.The recoveries of the added standards in simulated gastrointestinal fluids were 82.21-113.03%,with 0.46-8.43%of RSD,at spiked concentrations of 0.5,1.0,and 5.0 mg/L.Satisfactory linearity was obtained,with the squared correlation coefficients(r2)>0.9996 for triadimefon that ranged from 0.002-5 mg/L.The sensitivity of the method was expressed in terms of the limits of detection(LOQs),which were 0.002 mg/L for the triadimefon.Results confirmed that the method was sufficiently reliable for pesticide analysis in this study.2.Factors affecting the bioaccessibility of triadimefon in cherry tomato using different in vitro methodsIn this study,we compare the differences of bioaccessibility of triadimefon between in vitro methods.Results showed that the lower and upper boundary bioaccessibility values of triadimefon in cherry tomato using SBRC method was 43.93%and 48.63%,22.25-24.89%for IVG,43.07-59.28%for DIN,16.59-25.47%for PBET5 and 52.59-77.47%for SHIME,respectively.Based on the leaching efficiency,we select SHIME as the in vitro method to evaluate the bioaccessibility of triadimefon in cherry tomato.Moreover,effects of gastrointestinal pH,digestive times,and the solid-liquid(S/L)ratio on in vitro simulated digestion model was investigated.The bioaccessibility of triadimefon was maximized at pH 2.62 in the simulated gastric fluids.However,the bioaccessibility did not significantly change in the simulated intestinal fluids,as well as the digestive times.A significant negative correlation was observed between the bioaccessibility and the S/L ratio in the gastric and intestinal fluids.The results of the curve fitting demonstrated a strong logarithmic relationship.The r2 values were 0.9941 and 0.9438 in the simulated gastric and intestinal fluids,respectively.3.Effects of dietary component addition on the bioaccessibility of triadimefon in cherry tomatoThe evaluation of the influence of dietary components was performed using protein,dietary fiber,and vegetable oil.Detary components were added and simulated according to Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents(2016).Results showed that triadimefon bioaccessibility decreased gradually with the addition of dietary fiber,and the bioaccessibility in the intestinal stage was less than that in the stomach stage,probably due to dietary fiber enhancing desorption.The addition of vegetable oil significantly reduced the 50%of bioaccessibility.Triadimefon bioaccessibility decreased gradually with the addition of protein in the stomach stage,while did not in the intestinal stage.4.Analysis of triadimefon transport using Caco-2 cellsA co-culture model of Caco-2 cell and gut microbiota was established to study the intestinal absorption of triadimefon.In this study,significant time-response effects were observed for intestinal membrane permeability of triadimefon.Triadimefon showed a relatively higher transport efficiency in AP?BL,indicting that triadimefon could be completely absorbed in humans.Triadimefon were thought to active transporte by a membrane transporter.Furthermore,the gut microbiota significantly decreased the in vitro pesticide transport,and the affect showed a significant time-response effects.5.Risk assessment of triadimefon in cherry tomato based on the bioaccessibilityUsing the bioaccessibility to quantitatively analyze the health risk of triadimefon in cherry tomato collected from selected markets in Hefei,Anhui province,based on the data of pesticide residues in selected samples.Market monitoring showed that the frequently of triadimefon in cherry tomato was 35.29%.The highest residue levels of triadimefon in cherry tomato and its median value was 11.87?g/kg and 7.01?g/kg,respectively,98%of which did not exceed maximum residue limits(MRLs,0.01 mg/kg).Risk assessment showed that the EDI and HQ value was 4.57×10-11 mg/kg·bw and 1.52×10-9,which indicates that risk from pesticide exposure via cherry tomato consumption can be ignored.Without considering the oral bioavailabilities of triadimefon released from the cherry tomato,the risk assessment of pesticides can be overestimated.The results are of theoretical and practical value for evaluating the safety of triadimefon in cherry tomato.