Phenotypic Traits And Environmental Adaptation Of Artemisia Annua L. From Different Provenances

Artemisia annua L.is an annual herb of Artemisiain Asteraceae.Populations of A.annua from different geographical sources have been formed under geographical isolation.In order to find out the geographical variation rule of seed morphology in different populations of A.annua,based on the genetic characteristics of different growth stages and sources,and the difference of adaptation environment,ten wild A.annua provenances were studied.Through the observation of seed morphology,germination and pot experiments at five stages including March 15(sowing date),May 15(seedling stage),June 15(vegetative growth peak stage),July 15(flower bud differentiation stage),and August 15(budding stage),the differences were made in five aspects: differences in seed morphology and seedling growth of A.annua from different provenances;differences in nutrients,enzymes and microbial communities of A.annuarhizosphere soils at different growth stages;differences in biological characteristics and medicinal components of A.annua at different growth stages;The differences of nutrients,enzymes and microbial communities of A.annuarhizosphere soils from different provenances,and the differences in biological characteristics and medicinal components of A.annua from different provenances.It provides practical reference and theoretical basis for the selection of local A.annua germplasm,the determination of harvest time and the evaluation of soil nutrients and micro-ecological pressure brought by planting A.annua.The main conclusions are as follows:1.There are some differences in germplasm size and seedling growth of A.annua from different provenances.Under the microscope,the seeds from different provenances were yellow-green pear-shaped or obovate achenes,but the ratio of length to width was significant(P< 0.05),the differences of seed length(Ls),width(Ws)and 1000-grain weight were very significant(P< 0.01),and the variation degree was Ws > Ls > 1000-grain weight > Ls/Ws.Germination rates,root lengths,stem lengths,dry weights,fresh weights of cotyledons,true leaf lengths,true leaf widths were significantly difference(P< 0.05).Annual precipitation is the most important related factor,followed by latitude,latitude and altitude.2.The changes of physicochemical properties and enzyme activities of A.annuarhizosphere soils in different growth stages were different.the contents of organic matter,total nitrogen,total phosphorus,total potassium,alkaline nitrogen,available phosphorus and available potassium,soil p H decreased,and soil urease,invertase and phosphatase activities increased with the prolongation of planting time of A.annua,.3.There were some differences in the diversities,richness and community structures of bacteria and fungi of A.annuarhizosphere soils in different growth stages.The difference of soil bacterial abundances and diversities did not change significantly from pre-planting to growth period,and decreased significantly after differentiation period of flower bud(P< 0.05).Fungi abundances and diversities increased continuously and the differences were significantly(P< 0.05).Bacteria of A.annuarhizosphere soils in each growth phase are Proteobacteria,Planctomycetes,Acidobacteria,Verrucomicrobia,and Actinobacteria.Actinobacteria had the highest abundance during the bud stage;Proteobacteria had the greatest abundance during the growth period;Planctomycetes and Verrucomicrobia had the highest abundance before sowing;Ascomycota,which reached the maximum abundance during flower bud differentiation,was the most dominant fungi in each period,.The abundance of Chytridiomycota is the largest in the bud stage.The selective inhibition of A annua plantation promotes the growth and reproduction of bacteria and fungi,and increases the risk of fungal diseases to some extent.Soil p H,available phosphorus and phosphatase are the main factors affecting the differences in microbial community compositions in different periods.2.4.At different growth stages,there were significant differences in plant height,stem diameter,number of first-order branches,crown width and the contents of medicinal components in A.annua leaves.(P< 0.05).The period from May 15 to June 15 was rapid growth period.After that,the growth of plant heights and stem diameters were slow,but the number of first-order branches and crown widths kept rapid growth until budding stage.The contents of total polyphenols,scopoletin,chrysosplenol-D and chrysosplentin increased rapidly in vigorous and long-term,and decreased after the peak of flower bud differentiation stage.Artemisinin of leaves grew rapidly at flower bud differentiation stage and reached the maximum at bud stage.it was preliminarily determined that budding stage was the suitable harvest time for medicinal materials.5.Through the provenance test,under the same climate planting conditions,the nutrient and enzyme activities(except phosphatase)of A.annuarhizosphere soils from different provenances were significantly different(P< 0.05).the p H and alkaline nitrogen of SS and LP decreased greatly,the decrease of contents organic matter of JH was most,decrease of total phosphorus contentsof QX was most,decrease of total potassium content of SY was most,decrease of total nitrogen content of XW was most,decrease of available phosphorus and potassium contents of QX were most.The activities of ureases and sucrases in potted soil was significantly higher than that in pre-planting soil(P< 0.05).The increase of urease activity in LD rhizosphere soil was the largest and the increase of sucrase activity in JH rhizosphere soil was the largest.6.There was no significant difference with bacterial abundance and diversities between different provenances(P> 0.05),and the abundances and diversities of fungi were significantly different(P< 0.05).The soil bacterial and fungal community structures tend to be single,and the degree is source differences,which are closely related to changes in soil physical and chemical properties.OTUs of bacterial HX > QX > SS > SY > SBX was smaller than that of original soil,and OTUs of fungal changed to QX > SS > HX > XBS > SY,which was larger than that of original soil.At the bacteriophyte level,Proteus was the most dominant bacteriophyte in budding stage,and all of them promoted Actinomycetes from the 9th to the 2nd dominant phylum before sowing,indicating that A.annua had similar selectivity to inhibit or promote the dominant phylum of bacteria under the same climatic conditions.At the fungus level,ascomycetes is the most dominant fungus phylum and the largest one in HX samples.Except SY,all sources increase in varying degrees,indicating that under the same climatic conditions,the fungal communities of A.annuarhizosphere soil tend to be single,and the degree of provenance varies.Through LEf Se analysis of soil samples from five provenances,56 bacterial and 49 fungal indicators were identified.HX had 4 and 13,QX had 14 and 15,SS had 12 and 8,SY had 20 and 4,XBS had 6 and 9.The main indicators of HX were Bacillales and so on.QX mainly included Streptomyces and so on.SS mainly included Nocardioides and Micrococcales.SY mainly included Proteus,Xanthomonadaceae and so on.XBS included Burkholderiales and Comamonadaceae.The main indicators of HX were Dothideomycetes and Pleosporaceae.QX mainly includes: Glomeromycota,Gliocladum rosea.SS mainly included Myxospora and Gliocladium.SY mainly includes: Sordariomycetes and Mucoromycota.XBS included Plenodomus and Leptosphaeriaceae.The difference of bacterial and fungal communities was closely related to change of soil physicochemical properties.It is found that organic matter,total nitrogen and urease are the main factors affecting the difference of bacterial community compositions.Total nitrogen and organic matter are the most important factors affecting the difference of fungal community compositions.6.Through provenance test,the phenotype of A.annua from different provenances showed some differences at budding stage.The time of budding changed from July 21 to September 1.There were significant differences in dry weights of whole plant,aboveground dry weights and underground dry weights(P< 0.05),stem diameters,numbers of primary branches and root lengths(P< 0.01).The contents of artemisinin,total polyphenols,scopoletion,chrysosplenol-D and chrysosplentin of leaves in budding stage were significantly different(P< 0.05).Artemisinin contents varied from 1.31 g/kg to 10.31 g/kg.The plant height was negatively correlated with total polyphenols,artemisinin and chrysosplenol-D(P< 0.05);stem diameter was positively correlated with total polyphenols,artemisinin and chrysosplenol-D(P< 0.05);fresh weight was positively correlated with total polyphenols and artemisinin(P< 0.05);fresh weight was positively correlated with total polyphenols,artemisinin and chrysosplentin(P< 0.05),and positively correlated with chrysosplenol-D(P< 0.01).