| The Three-River Source Region(TRSR),including 16 counties and one township in Qinghai,is the birthplace of Lancang river,Yellow River and Yangtze river,an important ecological safety barrier on the qinghai-tibet plateau,and a key poverty alleviation area in China.Climate change and excessive human disturbance have weakened the structure and function of ecosystem and threatened the ecological well-being of residents.As the largest ecosystem in TRSR,grassland degradation is obvious,and grassland degradation basically formed at the end of the 20th century.In order to reduce the further deterioration,the government began to implement ecological restoration projects in the 21st century,and lots of studies focused on grassland degradation mechanism,restoration,governance and monitoring and regional climate change.Due to the large area and harsh environment,Accurate resource and environmental monitoring of long-term and large-scale still need to be improved,and there is a lack of research on people's livelihood.Therefore,at present,under the frequent policy intervention,accurately understanding the resource,environment,economy and livelihood conditions and combining environment and economy for decision-making is the key to the sustainable management.To solve this problem.NDVI,animal husbandry and herdsmen's livelihood were selected to analyze the changes in three aspects,explore the relationship and influence among them,and then to provide reference and development Suggestions for exploring a sustainable regional development mode combining resources and economy.The study first used the NASA website,the Chinese Academy of Sciences Resources and Environment Data Cloud Platform,GEE(Google Earth engine)to obtain different resolutions NDVI data(1980-2018y).Matlab,GEE were used to pre-process remote sensing images,such as screening,clipping,synthesis,reading,registration,format conversion,and so on.Then,using the analysis tool of ArcMap10.2 in ArcGIS,the changes and spatial changes of vegetation NDVI in different time periods are analyzed to reflect the change characteristics of grassland vegetation coverage.The meteorological grid and meteorological station data are used to reveal the climate change of the three rivers source region from 1980 to 2017.Using the data of agriculture and animal husbandry that obtaining from the statistical yearbook,the greenhouse gas emissions,emission efficiency and emission reduction measures were analyzed quantitatively to analyze the influence of animal husbandry on alpine meadow from a new perspective.Finally,a total of 369 livelihood survey data for pastoralists were obtained from three planned development areas to analyze the livelihood assets,income sources and resource dependence of each area.The main conclusion was drawn.1.During 1980-2018,the vegetation coverage fluctuated obviously in the TRSR.Analyzing 8 km-NDVI showed that NDVI in the whole area decreased significantly in the late 20th century(1982-2000y),range 0.2559(1982)to 0.2498(2000).In the early 21st century(2001-2015y),the value of NDVI is relatively stable.Combined with 1km~2 NDVI,From 2000 to 2013,about 80%of grassland NDVI was increasing.The results of 30m-NDVI analysis showed that grassland NDVI in growing reason was still increasing year by year.NDVI range is between 0.3169 and 0.3809,67.73%grassland NDVI is increasing.2.In the past 36 years,the annual mean temperature was increased and the warming with increasing precipitation occurs in the northwest of TRSR.During1980-2015,the air temperature is warming with the rate value of 0.57?/10a,and since 2000,the regional warming has intensified.The rainfall increased significantly at the rate of 3.4339 mm/a(Wu Dao Liang station),2.7113 mm/a(Tuo Tuo river station).The annual rainfall has not changed significantly in other stations.3.In the period of 1980-2015,the annual greenhouse gas emission in Guoluo state showed a decreasing trend.Combined with grassland NPP,since 2000,the greenhouse gases produced by livestock farming have little effect on the net carbon sink of grassland grazing system.DEA analysis shows that greenhouse gas emission efficiency still needs to be improved.In addition,based on LMDI model,transferring surplus labor and controlling the proportion of animal husbandry in agriculture can restrain carbon emission from animal husbandry.4.The total value of livelihood assets in the three planning and development areas of TRSR is low,values were 1.3151(Tongde)>1.3134(Maqin)>1.2035(Maduo)respectively.the society,the material capital is relatively high,the finance,the human capital is generally low.Quantile regression analysis showed that at any point from low quantile level(Quant=0.10)to high quantile level(Quant=0.90),household per capita income was significantly dependent on grassland resources in general protected areas and planning development areas.in key protected areas,The income of the residents is not completely related to the animal husbandry.The income of residents depends on the government significantly,and the industrial structure is too single.Generally,Since the 21st century,Under the condition that the grassland coverage gradually recovered and the temperature increased significantly,the herdsmen livelihood of TRSR still need to be improved.The greenhouse gas emissions from animal husbandry have little threat to the environment,but the economic output is too low,and the improvement of livelihood depends on animal husbandry significantly.Therefore,ecological construction in TRSR not only depend on reducing livestock,we also need to find natural forage substitute,guarantee the protection of natural grassland and increase the output value of animal husbandry.In addition,we need develop green industry and create more non-agricultural household income to improve the financial capital of residents,solve the surplus agricultural labor,achieve emission reduction of livestock,reduce dependence on grassland resources for livelihoods and promote sustainable grassland restoration. |
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