| The Qinghai Tibet Plateau is the highest altitude plateau in the interior of Asia.Due to the special geographical location,the Qinghai Tibet Plateau is one of the main pastoral areas in China,and also an important ecological protection barrier.Because of the vulnerability of the ecological environment of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau,it is necessary to make proper and reasonable use of sustainable development.As an organic whole,"grassland livestock herdsman" three interact with each other,one of which changes and the other two will have corresponding changes.Therefore,various animal husbandry policies determine the animal husbandry management mode and grassland utilization mode.However,the change of grassland utilization mode will affect the grassland ecology and livestock structure,livestock structure and production of herdsmen Life and other aspects have an impact.With the development of grassland animal husbandry in ancient times,it is of great significance to explore suitable grazing methods through different reactions and influences of different grazing methods.Therefore,this paper analyzes the changes of livestock,grassland and herdsmen caused by the changes of grassland animal husbandry.This paper chooses Balong Township,Dulan County,Qinghai Province as the research object,analyzes the changes of livestock quantity and structure from 1949 to2018,and analyzes the changes of grassland forage species and vegetation coverage in Balong Township through questionnaire survey,interviews with herdsmen and remote sensing images,and then analyzes the changes of herdsmen's production and life.The results are as follows:According to the change characteristics of the total number of livestock in Balong Township,it can be analyzed in four stages.The first stage: from 1949 to 1957,the total number of livestock increased from9490 to 127561.In the second stage,from 1957 to 1995,the wave like change curve increased and decreased,but the overall change was not significant.In the third stage,the total number of livestock increased rapidly from 1996 to 2012,reaching the highest point in 2012.In the third stage,affected by natural disasters and the system of grazing prohibition,the number of livestock decreased rapidly to 57589 in 2013-2018.In1949,the proportion of five livestock was 10.91% for cattle,0.97% for horses,0.27% for camels,43.15% for sheep and 44.67% for goats.By1995,the proportion of large livestock increased,accounting for 8.34% of cattle,2.68% of horses,1.36% of camels,50.11% of sheep and 37.48% of goats.By 2018,the proportion of five livestock was 9.9%,horse 0.56%,camel 0.29%,sheep 80.94% and goat 8.29%.It can be seen that in 1996,after the grassland was contracted to households,the livestock structure began to be unitary,mainly in Mianyang.The number and structure of livestock in Balong township will be affected not only by natural disasters,but also by grassland system and grassland animal husbandry management.The NDVI index of vegetation and the variety of forage species and their forage production showed that the vegetation index mainly focused on grade 3(0.15 < NDVI < 0.3)and grade 4(0.05 < NDVI < 0.15)during1990-1995.The Interplant index of grade 1(NDVI > 0.6)and grade 2(0.3 < NDVI < 0.6)increased from 1997-2009,while grade 3 and grade 4decreased relatively.After 2012,the vegetation index mainly focused on level 4.From the perspective of the change of forage yield,the yield per mu of forage before and after 1995 was 1200 Jin,while in 2011 and 2017,the yield per mu was only about 420 Jin and 230 Jin,which decreased by5.2 times,and even there was no forage in dry years.According to theinterview with herdsmen,there were about 40 kinds of forage species recognized by herdsmen before 1984,but with the decrease of degenerated forage species in grassland,even less than five or six kinds of forage species in some places,the grassland ecological environment tended to deteriorate.With the change of grassland animal husbandry system and grassland utilization mode,the production and life of herdsmen have also changed a lot.From the perspective of income and expenditure in the three periods,the income in 2005 was higher than that in 1995,among which there was an additional expenditure on forage.In 2015,compared with 2005,the revenue is still increasing,but the source of expenditure is also increasing.Compared with 2005,in 2015,the average income of herdsmen in Balong Township increased by 2.5 times,and the expenditure on grass and fodder alone increased by 7.7 times.Net income of herdsmen decreased by 14.35%.In terms of the proportion of total expenditure,the expenditure of grassland animal husbandry in 2015 increased from 15% to 45% compared with that in 2005,which shows that the cost of grassland animal husbandry is increasing.The change of grassland animal husbandry management mode will have an impact on the number of livestock and five livestock structure,grassland ecological environment,production and life of herdsmen and other aspects.It can be seen that the protection of grassland ecologicalenvironment not only needs to use scientific methods,but also can not ignore the advantages and disadvantages of traditional nomadic methods to grassland ecological environment!... |
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