Study On Production Technology Of "South-to-North Seedling Transplanting" Of Cool-season Crops In High And Cold Regions Of North China

Because of it's cold climate,strong sunshine,big temperature difference between day and night,Northwest Hebei plateau is suitable to grow cool-season crops.However the temperature fluctuates widely in early spring,which constrains the beginning of crop production in the field.With the development of the technology of crop cultivation and the agricultural facilities,producing seedling in agricultural facilities can utilize the agricultural resoures in early spring and improve crop yield in this region.The quality of the seedling produced by individual household for themselves to grow is ununiform,which became a major limiting factor to get high yield,because the facility's environment is difficult to control.The objective of this study was to determine the possibility that cool–season crop seedlings produced in middle Hebei plain(Qingyuan,Baoding)where the weather is warm enough from March or April were transplanted in the field of Northwest Hebei plateau(Zhangbei,Zhangjiakou)in May or June to grow,and to create key technologies in this procedure by the growth environment and quality of seedlings produced in two regions were compared.days needed to rocover,survival rate,yield,quality,profit were also compared afer seedlings were transplanted in Zhangbei.That can improve the utility of natural agricultural resource and industrialization of seedling,meanwhile provide theoretical guidelines for the development of crop production in Northwest Hebei plateau.The major results are as follows:1.The suitable seedling date was determined in different areas.There is a significant linear regression relationship between seedling bed temperature and atmospheric temperature in Northwest Hebei plateau(Zhangbei)and middle Hebei plain(Qingyuan).The suitable seedling dates of each area could be calculated by regression equation and annual temperature.The earliest date of sugarbeet that southern seedlings were transplanted in Zhangbei was on May 1,so the seedling should start to be produce on March 11 in Baoding.Contrast The earliest date that northern seedlings were transplanted in Zhangbei was on May 20,so the seedling should be start to produce on March 14 in greenhouse in Baoding.The earliest dates of onion that the seedling should be start to produce was on March 6 in Baoding and on March 11 in Zhangbei respectively.The earliest dates of celery that the seedling should be start to produce was on January 31 in Baoding and on February 26 in Zhangbei respectively.Qingyuan had higher effective accumulated temperature and more stable temperature than Zhangbei in the same seedling days.Qingyuan seedling breeding has climate advantage.2.The seedling quality of different seedling sources was determined.The seedlings of three kinds of crops were all up to the standard of seedling formation.Sugarbeet showed that the quality of southern seedling was higher than northern seedling,and the plant height and 100 seedlings's weight of southern seedling were 1.83~2.05 and 1.19~1.72 times of northern seedling.On the whole,the seedling quality of onion and celery shows that the northern seedling is higher than the southern seedling.The characters of stem diameter,root number and chlorophyll content of southern onion seedlings were respectively 70.16%~89.0%of those of northern seedlings,the seedlings of the celery were respectively 35.3%~86.9%The higher temperature environment of southern seedlings makes the growth trend of seedlings.3.It is clear that the production advantage of South-to-North seedling plantingSouth-to-North seedling planting was prolonged the growth period of sugarbeet and promoted the sugarbeet growth and development.In 2017,southern sugarbeet seedlings were planted 8~20 days earlier than annual transplanting period,under the cultivation condition that drought will replenish water,Southern seedling beet showed obvious advantage.The number of leaves of the southern seedling of the beet is 1.25~1.75 times that of the northern seedling,the leaf area index of the whole growth period is 1.10~1.20 times of the northern seedling,The root diameter is 1.00~1.11 times that of the northern seedling.In 2018,southern sugarbeet seedlings is early planting for12~31 days,under the condition of rain-and-dry cultivation,due to the uneven distribution of natural rainfall,southern sugarbeet showed inconformitied phenomenon between rainfall and growth process,it affects the growth of the upper part of the ground so lead to the upper part of sugarbeet of southern seedling is weaker than the northern seedling.The plant height of the southern seedlings were 0.81~0.88 times of the northern seedlings,the leaf number were 0.61~0.76 times of the northern seedlings,the leaf area index was 0.63~0.96 times of that of the northern seedlings,the root diameter of the underground part is 0.74~1.00 times that of the northern seedling.The result shows that under different cultivation management ways,the transplanting period was significantly affected the growth of sugarbeet,which showed that early planting was superior to late planting.The plant height,leaf number,leaf area index and root diameter of early-planted beet were respectively 1.09~1.19 times,1.13~1.40 times,1.29~1.53 times and 0.99~1.36 times of late planting.The onions and celery were planted with South-to-North seedling planting,which could advance transplanting period for Zhangbei,and promoted the growth of plants and broadened the marketing stage.The plant height of southern seedlings onions was3.28~4.15 cm higher than northern seedlings.the average number of leaves at growth stage was increased by 1.6~1.7 pieces and the average pseudostem diameter was 1.12~1.17 times of northern seedling in the field.The plant height of southern seedling celery is 1.02 times higher than northern seedling,the diameter of stem is 1.01times of northern seedling,and the number of leaves is 1.32 times of northern seedling.4.The survival rate,yield and quality of Southern seedlings were better than Northern seedlings.The survival rate,yield and quality of the three crops were significantly different from the local seedling planting after South-to-North seedling planting.The yield of southern seedling sugarbeet is 0.78~1.29 times higher than northern seedling.The transplanting of April 29,May 30 and May 18,June 18 showed that early transplanting 30 days,the yield increased by 29%~38%,and the transplanting period is earlier,the sugar content is higher.The sugar content of southern seedlings was0.13%~0.97%higher than northern seedlings,The highest sugar content of southern seedling reached 16.81%in the harvest period.The sugar production of southern seedling in the two transplant periods(April 29 and May 12)was 25.6%~32.1%higher than the northern seedlings in 2018.The survival rate and yield of South onion seedlings respectively were 1.23 and1.08 times higher than northern seedlings.The onion with bulb diameter in 70~110mm accounted for 84.51%,the bulb of the southern seedling has a higher degree of uniformity than northern seedling.The survival rate of celery between southern and northern was close,the single plant weight of the southern seedling was 1.20 times northern seedling.The net yield of vegetables was 1.38 times that of northern seedling.5.The effect of nutrient accumulation in different seedling source crops was preliminarily clarified.The storage and transport of nutrients in plants are affected by the different transplanting periods of the three crops.The nutrient accumulation of sugarbeet showed that the nutrient content in the leaves of shoot was higher than tuber root.The contents of N,P and K in overground part leaves at harvest stage were respectively2.16~3.22 times,1.06~2.27 times and 2.28~3.95 times of root tuber.Leaf nutrient accumulation returned to farmland was 13.3%~24.4%of the dry matter in the whole plant and reduced soil nutrient consumption in farmland.The content of N and P in the upper part of sugarbeet was higher with the later sowing date.In 2017,under the cultivation conditions of drought and replenishment of water,the nutrient contents of N,P and K in the root of subterranean tuber of sugarbeet are all the lowest in southern seedling.But the biological efficiency of nutrient is 1.13,1.09 and 1.22 times of northern Seedling.In 2018 the total N,P,K and the whole plant was respectively97.76%,115.99%,101.4%and 116.6%northern seedling.The nutrient contents of N,P and K in onion leaves were higher than bulbs.The nutrient contents of N,P,K in leaves of southern seedling were higher than northern seedling.It was respectively 1.03?1.06 and 1.51 times of northern seedling,The contents of N,P and K in the bulb were lower than northern seedling.The biological efficiency of N,P,K in south seedlings was respectively 13.8%,11.7%and 19.7%higher than north seedling and the whole plant was respectively 10.9%,10.7%,and10.7%higher than northern seedling.Southern seedling's nutrient content of N,P,K in the shoot of celery was higher than northern,and the biological efficiency of the nutrient was lower than northern seedling.6."South-to-North seedling transplanting"obviously reduced the cost of raising seedling and improved the production benefit.The seedling production cost of southern seedling for the three crops is lower than northern seedling,and the output value and economic benefit were improved.The seedling cost of southern seedlings was 321.64 yuan/hm2 lower than northern seedlings,the output value increased 6.0%~24.5%and the economic income increased 38.89%~176.93%.The economic benefit of the transplanting period of the south seedling is improved by 40.1%~150.1%?The onion's cost of the seedling raising of the southern seedling is reduced by 1485.88 yuan/hm2 than northern seedlings.On the basis of the average purchase price of the origin,the economic income of the south onion seedling production was 37.3%-87.4%higher than northern seedling.According to the average price of the wholesale market and the purchase price of the place of origin,the cost of the seedling raising of the celery is lower than the northern seedling of 663.5 yuan/hm~2,and the economic benefit of the southern seedling is 30.23%~52.98%higher than the northern seedling.In conclusion,South-to-North seedling transplanting might lead to the sugar beet planted early so that prolong the growth period,improve the yield,improve the quality,improve the biological efficiency of the nutrient,increase the economic income.South-to-North seedling transplanting can extend the market period of onions and celery,reduce the cost and increase the economic benefit.South-to-North seedling transplanting is not only a cultivation technique to improve the high yield and high efficiency of cool-season crops in the high and cold regions of North China,but also can promote the large-scale,standardized and industrial production of the seedlings.