Fruits And Seeds Development And Inclusions Especially Oil And Saponin Variation In Xanthoceras Sorbifolium Bunge

Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge is a woody plant distributed in northern China.The seed kernels of Xanthoceras sorbifolium fruit can be made into biodiesel and edible oil.The nutshell can be used to extract medicinal ingredients and saponins.It can be used to produce detergents,and the seed coat can be made into activated carbon.It is a kind of bio-energy tree species with high comprehensive utilization value.But at present,beside seeds,the crown fruit is often discarded,the saponins in the nutshell are not fully utilized,not to mention the accumulation dynamics of saponins during fruit development are not thoroughly studied,and the best harvest time for saponins is uncertain.In this study,three Xanthoceras sorbifolium elite clones No.11,No.10 and No.15 in Xanthoceras sorbifolium base of Yuanjiawa Village,Dapingfang Town,Chaoyang City,Liaoning Province were used as test materials.Dynamic analysis were performed for the contents of shells and kernels.By combining these indicators with meteorological data,we explored the impact of meteorological factors on the above traits.It is conducive to clarify the actual growth and development rules of Xanthoceras sorbifolium and the dynamics of its content,with important theoretical and practical significance for determining a reasonable picking period according to different needs and improving the utilization rate of Xanthoceras sorbifolium.The research results are as follows:1.The fruiting period of Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge in Chaoyang City,Liaoning Province is from the beginning of May to the end of July.The growth of the fruit shows a "slow-fast-slow" pattern.The first stage start from flowering(May 4)to 10 d after flowering(May 14)with fruit developing slowly,and then enters the rapid development stage.The rapid fruit development time isfrom May 15 to June 18,during which the fruit's horizontal and vertical diameter increases rapidly,and the third stage is on June 19 Until July 23,for a stable growth period,the fruit's horizontal and vertical diameters developed slowly during this period,the overall data remained basically stable,and the fruit size no longer changed.The fruit is fully ripe around July 23,and the shell cracks and the seed coat turns black after ripening.The change of the horizontal and vertical diameters during the development of seeds is similar to that of fruits,and it also shows a "slow-fast-slow" pattern.The first stage is from flowering(May 4)to about 10 days after flowering(May 14),and the seeds develop slowly.From 11 d after flowering to about 50 d after flowering(June 23)is regarded as the second stage-rapid growth stage,in which the horizontal and vertical diameters of seeds increase rapidly.The third stage is about 51 d after flowering to 80 d after flowering(July 23).It is a stable growth period.During this period,the diameter and diameter of seeds develop slowly,and the value remains basically stable.After the seeds are fully matured,the seed coat becomes completely black and leathery.2.Seeds transforms into seed kernels visible to the naked eye around June 13 th,and seed kernel oils go through a rapid accumulation period from 45 days after flowering(June 18)to 55 days after flowering(June 28),after which the content does not change much.The kernels of the three A.mandshurica clones are rich in oil,about 56%,and the content of unsaturated fatty acids is rich,accounting for about 92% of the total fatty acid content.A total of 12 kinds of fatty acids are detected in the seed oil,of which saturated fatty acids are 4 kinds,8 kinds of unsaturated fatty acids.During the accumulation of oils and fats,palmitic acid(C16:0),arachidic acid(C20:0),and tetracosanoic acid(C24:0)decrease with development.Among various types of unsaturated fatty acids,the proportion of oleic acid and linoleic acid content is always the highest.Oleic acid gradually increases during development,cis-11-eicosenoic acid(C20:1),behenic acid(C22:0),13-docosaenoic acid(C22:1n9)and The content of four unsaturated fatty acids(C24:1)also increases with growth and development.Linoleic acid is formed early in the development of the seed kernel and has always been the fatty acid with the highest content,and gradually decreases with the development of the seed kernel.Linolenic acid also showed a decreasing trend during seed development.The horizontal and vertical diameters of the seeds are significantly positively related to the oil content in the seed kernel,and there is also a correlation with other substances in the seed kernel,indicating that after the seed begins to accumulateoil in the seed kernel,the seed oil can be preliminarily judged according to the shape of the seed The content.3.The main saponins in Xanthoceras sorbifolium husks are pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins.The total saponins of Xanthoceras sorbifolium husks in Chaoyang area have been determined from 10 d after flowering(May 14)to 65 d after flowering(July 8)During the period of accumulation),the content is about 1.6% when the content is at its highest,then decreases afterwards.The total saponin content of the husk is about 1.06% when the fruit is fully ripe.Correlation analysis showed that the fruit's horizontal and longitudinal diameters had a significant positive correlation with the total content of husk saponins,and had a positive correlation with the non-structural carbohydrates in the husks,and the fruit fresh weight had a significant positive correlation with the total husk saponins content.During the accumulation period of the total saponins of the fruit shell,the fruit's horizontal and vertical diameters and fresh weight of the fruit also showed an upward trend during this period,so to a certain extent,the content of the total saponins of the fruit shell can be preliminarily determined according to the shape of the fruit.4.With the accumulation of seed kernel oil content,the soluble sugar content and starch content in seed kernel gradually decreased,showing a significant negative correlation with oil content,protein accumulation is similar to oil accumulation,and has a significant positive correlation with oil content.The non-structural carbohydrates(soluble sugar and starch)in the nutshell are similar to the total saponins in the nutshell,showing a significant positive correlation.5.In this area,a correlation between the effective accumulated temperature and all the measured indicators is found,and there is no correlation between the precipitation and the measured indicators.The morphological indicators of fruits and seeds are mainly affected by temperature,humidity and accumulated temperature;the total saponin content and the non-structural carbohydrates in the husk are also affected by temperature,humidity and the accumulated temperature;the kernel oil content and other contents in the kernel Mainly affected by accumulated temperature and sunshine hours.6.In this area,if the purpose of producing Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge edible oil is to seed kernel oil as the target product,harvesting it 80 days after flowering(July 23),when the fruit is fully ripe is a good choice.Kernel oil has the highest content of unsaturated fatty acids,and the oil content is notmuch different from the highest.When fully mature,the content of unsaturated fatty acids is at high level.As an edible oil,it can increase the value of the product.For the purpose of extracting the seed nerve acid,it can be harvested about 70 d to 75 d after flowering(July 13 to July 18).At this time,the contents of the three clones are the largest.If the purpose is to extract the total saponins in the fruit shell,they can be harvested about 65 days after flowering(July 8).The three clones have the largest total saponin content in the fruit shell at this time.7.Evaluation of three clones:Fruit and seed fresh weight: There is no significant difference in the fresh weight of fruits and seeds of the three clones.Kernel oil content: The oil content of clones 11 and 15 reached the maximum at 65 d(July 8)after flowering.At this time,the kernel oil content of clone 11(57.45%)was significantly higher than that of the other two.There is no significant difference between No.10(54.57%)and No.15(55.43%)clones at this time;70 days after flowering(July 13),the seed kernel oil content of No.10 clone reached the maximum value.There was a significant difference in oil content of the 3 clones at the time.No.11clone(57.20%)> No.10 clone(55.80%)> No.15 clone(52.50%);the fruit was fully mature,and the 3clones were not significant difference.Seed kernel nervonic acid content: 70 days after flowering(July 13),the seed kernel nervonic acid content of No.11(3.34%)and No.15 clones(4.03%)reached the maximum.At this time,No.10 clone(4.19%))There was no significant difference between clone 15 and clone 11,and the nervonic acid content of clone 11 was significantly lower than that of the other two clones.At 75 d(July 18)after flowering,the nervonic acid content of clone 10 reached the maximum(4.23%),and there were significant differences in the nervonic acid content of 3 clones,clone 10(4.23%)> clone 15 Line(3.44%)>No.11 clone(3.20%).Seed kernel unsaturated fatty acid content: all three clones had the highest unsaturated fatty acid content at 80 d(July 23)after flowering,at this time clone 11(92.32%)and clone 15(92.21%)did not Significant difference,the number 10 clone(92.91%)was significantly higher than the other two clones.The total saponins content of the husk: The total saponins content of the husk was the largest at 65 d after anthesis(July 8).At this time,the total saponins content of the three clones was significantly different,and the No.11 clone(1.83%)> No.15 Clones(1.57%)> No.10 clones(1.40%).At 80 d(July23)after flowering,there was no significant difference between the 11(1.17%)and 15(1.15%)clones,and the 10(0.85%)clone was significantly smaller than the other two clones.